196,970 research outputs found
Mapping NTFP collection in Tanzania: a comparison of surveys
Full text linkThis paper presents an analysis of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) collection and income in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania, using data of the Tanzanian National Household Budget Survey 2007. The results are compared with the analysis presented in Schaafsma et al. (2011), which is based on a pooled dataset of 7 different local surveys. For both datasets, a household production function of NTFP collection is estimated, and then transferred and aggregated across the EAM to estimate the economic value of the annual flow of NTFP benefits. Although both analyses suffer from data limitations related to the employed survey methods and valuation inaccuracies related to inexistent markets, the resulting value estimates are of a comparable order of magnitude and are also comparable to earlier NTFP valuation studies. This result is important for the validation of the results presented in Schaafsma et al. (2011) and their use in future cost-benefits analyses
Jellyfish blooms and their impacts on welfare benefits: Recreation in the UK and fisheries in Italy
No full textModelling risk adaptation and mitigation behaviour under different climate change scenarios
Full text linkThe main objective of this study is to simulate household choice behavior under varying climate change scenarios using choice experiments. Economic welfare measures are derived for society’s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce climate change induced flood risks through private insurance and willingness to accept compensation (WTAC) for controlled flooding under varying future risk exposure levels. Material flood damage and loss of life are covered in the insurance policy experiment, while the WTAC experiment also captures the economic value of immaterial flood damage such as feelings of discomfort, fear and social disruption. The results show that WTP and WTAC are substantial, suggesting a more prominent role of external social damage costs in cost-benefit analysis of climate change and flood mitigation policies
Electricity outages in Ghana:Are contingent valuation estimates valid?
Full text linkAfrican countries experience persistent and serious energy outages, but while multiple valuation studies provide estimates of the costs of electricity outages in high-income countries, evidence is scarce for lower- and middle-income countries. The few studies that assess the value of reliable energy supply rely on the contingent valuation method that is under wide scrutiny. This paper aims to provide new estimates of households' willingness to pay to reduce electricity outages for Ghana and contributes to the debate on the validity of contingent valuation results for energy reliability. Our results suggest that households are willing to pay GHS 67 ($17) per month for reliable electricity supply, equivalent to 7% of respondents’ income. The results of tests for hypothetical bias, WTP-WTA disparity and income effects suggest that the contingent valuation estimates from this study are robust and can support decision makers in prioritizing energy policies and investments
Spatial effects in stated preference studies for environmental valuation
Full text linkBergh, J.C.J.M. van den [Promotor]Brouwer, R. [Promotor
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY OF LARGE MOLECULES IN ALKANE MATRICES
No full text E. V. Shpolskii, Soviet Physics Usp. 6, 411 (1963); 5, 522 (1963); 3, 372 (1960). I. Y. Chan, W. C. v, Dorp, T. J. Schaafsma, and J. H. Van der Waals, Mol. Phys. 22, 741-753, (1971). W. G. V. Dorp, T. J. Schaafsma, M. Soma, and J. H. Van der Waals, Chem. Phys. Lett, 21, 211 (1973). R. I. Personov and B. M. Kharlamov, Optics Comm. 7, 417 (1973).Author Institution: Laboratory of Molecular, Physics Agricultural UniversityThe incorporation of large molecules in n-alkane solid matrices allows high resolution optical spectroscopy ( ) both in emission and absorption. Recent studies on tetrapyrrole dyes have also demonstrated a surprisingly high degree of orientation of the guest compound in the alkane lattice. The lowest excited triplet state of these compounds has been studied by the simultaneous application of microwaves and narrow band optical excitation in the absence of a magnetic field. Microwave absorption is monitored by recording molecular emission. Zero-field parameters and kinetic data on the separate magnetic sublevels of the triplet have been obtained for several tetrapyrrole complexes and can be related to their electronic structure and Combining the Shpolskii media with optical selection by laser excitation opens new pathways for the study of compounds. of biological interest, which usually are not very attractive from a spectroscopic point of $view.^{3}
Towards sustainable palm oil production:The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing
No full textPalm oil is an important commodity contributing to livelihoods of many communities, GDP of governments and the achievement of several sustainable development goals (SDG) including no poverty, zero hunger, and decent work and economic growth. However, its cultivation and continuous expansion due to high and increasing demand has led to many negative effects and subsequent calls to make production sustainable. To this end, information is needed to understand the negative and positive impacts on both the environment and human wellbeing to respond appropriately. Sustainability in palm oil trade entails having a global supply chain based on environmentally friendly and socially acceptable production and sourcing. Much has been done in understanding and responding to impacts on the environment but not so much on social impacts partly due to a lack of information. The direct (socio-economic) and indirect (through ecosystem services) impacts of palm oil trade were reviewed using peer-reviewed literature and the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJA). Our results show that most of the 57 case studies were conducted in Indonesia and Malaysia where 85% of global production of palm oil occurs. The results show both negative (109) and positive (99) direct impacts on humans. Indirect impacts through ecosystems services were predominantly negative (116) as were the direct negative impacts. The most frequently studied direct negative impacts were conflicts (25%), housing conditions (18%) and land grabbing (16%) while the most frequently studied direct positive impacts were income generation (33%) and employment (19%). Ongoing initiatives to make the palm oil sector sustainable such as the RSPO are focused on the environment but need to pay more attention to (related) social impacts. To make palm oil production sustainable and to meet SDGs such as ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing as well as responsible consumption and production, negative social impacts of palm oil trade need to be addressed.</p
Overview of existing guidelines and manuals for the economic valuation of environmental and resource costs and benefits
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