305,540 research outputs found
Immunohistochemical staining of fixed tissues
No full textImmunohistochemistry is a technique in which the specific interaction between an immunoglobulin and its homologous antigen is visualized on histological sections by a microscopically detectable label. Generally, the label consists of an enzyme, such as peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or glucose oxidase that reacts with an appropriate substrate-chromogen solution to produce a specific color at the site of reaction. Several immunohistochemical techniques have been developed and the most important are schematically represented in Fig. 1. In the direct method, the primary antibody is directly labeled with the enzyme. In the indirect method, an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody is directed against the immunoglobulin type of the animal species in which the primary antibody has been raised. Both methods have a relatively low sensitivity and are therefore not frequently used
Histological and immunohistochemical findings in thoracic lymph nodes of cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP).
No full textHISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THORACIC LYMPH NODES OF CATTLE WITH CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CBPP)
E. Scanziani, S. Paltrinieri*, M. Boldini**, G. Mandelli, V. Grieco, C. Monaci**
Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare - Milano; * Istituto di Patologia Generale Veterinaria - Milano; ** Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia - Brescia
Introduction
Since the 1550 the contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) spred all of the world. The prophilaxis and the increasing knowledges of the aetiology and the pathogenesis of the disease led to a decrease of the prevalence of the CBPP with a complete eradication from many countries: it was eradicated from the USA in 1982 and from Australia in 1967. In this century the CBPP was confined in some endemic african countries. In Europe some outbreaks of this disease occured in 1958 in Portugal (Ferronha et al. 1990) and between 1980 and 1984 in Spain, Portugal and France. At the end of 1990 the CBPP has been diagnosed in Lombardy, Northern Italy (Guadagnini et al., 1991). The clinico-pathological findings of CBPP are not specific: similar patterns of fibrinous pleuropneumonia are detectable in diseases such as the IBR, non specific mycoplasmosis etc... (Mandelli, 1989). The isolation and identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from infected animals is the only one reliable diagnostic test, but have many methodological problems (Al Aubaidi and Fabricant, 1970 Cottral 1978). Serological diagnosis is hampered either by false positive cattles due to cross-reactivity between Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and other mycoplasmas or false negative animals in early and late phases of the disease.
Recently Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigen has been detected in the tissues by immunofluorescence (Ferronha et al., 1988) and immunohistochemistry (Ferronha et al. 1990; Scanziani et al. 1991a; Scanziani et al., 1991b): the localisation and the pattern of the positivity was variable with the evolutive step of the disease: in the acute phase antigens were detectable in alveolar macrophages as well as in the interlobular septa where a diffuse and weak positivity was found; with chronicity a strong positivity was found in the macrophages of fibrotic septa and in the follicular center of the broncho-alveolar associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Necrotic debris in sequestra as well as the macrophages on their walls were strongly positive (Scanziani et al., 1991).
The lymph nodes only in the acute cases show gross pathological lesions: lymphoid hyperplasia and ectasia of the sinuses with a large number of macrophages were histologically detectable in the acute cases, while follicular hyperplasia with a large germinal center and fibrosis were present with chronicity. Large necrosis are rarely detectable: most frequently histology showed necrotic debris in the sinuses. In preliminary studies we detected Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigens in the lymph nodes (Scanziani et al. 1991a; Scanziani et al., 1991b)
The present work was assesed to study histological lesions and to detect the presence and localization of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigens in thoracic lymph nodes of cattle affected by CBPP and to compare the results with bacteriological and serological positivity.
Matherial and methods
Animals
For the present study XX adult Holstein-Freisian cattle at slaughtering were selected. They came from 5 dairy herds on wich CBPP were present. All the animals were affected by CBPP: the diagnosis was based on the presence of tipical lung lesions and on the isolation of M.mycoides from the lungs.
For each animal macroscopic lesions of the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes were recorded at slaughtering. Furthermore the lungs and the thoracic lymph nodes were sampled for bacteriological and histological analysis. On the basis of macroscopic and histological lesions of the lungs each case was classified as acute, subacute or chronic. The thoracic lymph nodes of five cattle that had no pulmnary lesions, that were bacteriologically negative for M.mycoides and belonged to herds in which CBPP was not present were also sampled as controls.
Serology
Bacteriology
Coltural examination for mycoplasma was carried ut by plating on Difco PPLO agar (Difco----) medium supplemented with horse serum (xx per cent), yest extract (yy per cent), glucose, tallium acetate and penicillin. In addition the samples were homogeneized (10 per cent w/v) in Difco PPLO broth supplemented as for the solid medium. Three serial 10-fold dilutions were then made in the medium and subcultured on the solid medium after two days (?). The isolated mycoplasma were identified by biochamical tests, growth inhibition test and direct immunofluorescence.
Histology and immunohistochemistry
The samples of the lungs and of the thoracic lymhp nodes were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely embedded in paraffin. 5mm thick sections were then stained with haematoxilin and eosin and withthe avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) procedure (Hsu et al. 1981), using commercial immunoperoxidase kits (Vectastain Elite; Vector Laboratories): sections were deparafiined, treated with 0,5 per cent hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 20 minutes, and rehydrated. They were then incubated at 4°C for 18 hours with a 1:20000 dilution of a policlonal rabbit antiserum against M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (kindly provided by Prof. M.C.D. De Lage of the Laboratorio Nazionale della Ricerca Veterinaria of Lisbona). After washing, the secions were covered with a secondary antibody biotinylated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin, and left at room temperature for 30 minutes. The peroxidase-conjugate ABC was allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes. Sectins were incubated with diaminobenzidine-hydrogen peroxide for seven minutes, washed in tap water and counterstained with Mayer’s haematoxilin. For each sample a negative control was made by replacing the primary antibody with normal rabbit serum. Known negative and positive control sections were included in each assay.
Results
Pathological findings
All the animals showed typical macrscopic lesions of CBPP. 13 animals had acute lung lesions with fibrinous interstitial pleuropneumonia with marmorization, mainly in the basal lobe, and lymph nodes were frequently affected, with enlarged (up than 10 times the normal size) and edematous lymph nodes and with a yellow coloured perilymphonodal fluid; 12 cases showed subacute lung lesions with a more evident marmorization of the acute lesions: thoracic lymph nodes tributaries of hte affected areas wererenlarged and slightly edematous; 28 animals had chronic lung lesions with sequestra and fibrosis: only some of this cases showed chronic lesions in the lymph nodesthat were moderately enlarged.
Lymph node histology
In the acute cases the marginal sinuses were ectasic and filled by lymph macrphages and granulocytes; macrophages were also detectable in the medullary sinuses.
In the subacute cases macrophages were presnt in the sinuses and mainly in the medullary sinuses: mild hyperplasia of the follicular germinal centers was also present in some cases
The germinal centers of the follicles was e
Giant cell tumor of bonelike lesion in a Trp53 mutant mouse.
No full textGiant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a common primary neoplasm of bone characterized by distinctive clinicopathological features. GCTB is exceedingly rare in nonhuman species, and it has been sporadically reported in cats, dogs, rats, and birds. This report describes a primary murine bone tumor that shares striking clinicopathological similarities with human GCTB. The neoplasm occurred in a 71-week-old C57BL/6 mouse heterozygous for the specific Trp53 R172H point mutation. Grossly, the tumor presented as a mono-ostotic nodular mass arising from the distal metaphysis of the right femur. Microscopically, the affected bone was effaced by an osteolytic neoplasm with focal infiltrations into the surrounding tissues. Similarly to what was reported for human GCTB, the murine neoplasm consisted of 3 main cell populations: (1) bundles of pleomorphic spindle-shaped mononuclear cells displaying an indefinite mesenchymal histogenesis with immunohistochemical expression of vimentin and smooth muscle actin, (2) scattered multinucleated giant cells exhibiting osteoclast differentiation with prominent tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and immunoreactivity for monocyte/macrophage markers including CD45 and lysozyme, and (3) scattered round mononuclear cells consistent with activated macrophages and expressing CD45, lysozyme, and F4/80. Based on these morphological and immunohistological results, the murine bone tumor described in this study has been putatively classified as GCTB
Presentazione
No full textL’estetica animale come campo di studi ha mostrato negli ultimi due decenni uno sviluppo importante all’interno dell’estetica ambientale. Mentre gli approcci sperimentali e speculativi (teoretici) hanno in qualche modo dominato l’estetica ambientale dalla sua nascita come campo specifico di studi dell’estetica, le ricerche specifiche indirizzate all’estetica animale hanno visto uno sviluppo per certi versi simile ma con un maggior apporto interdisciplinare.[1] Linee di ricerca filosofiche anche molto diverse fra loro prendono avvio spesso da osservazioni tratte dall’etologia o da branche specifiche della zoologia, come l’entomologia. Allo stesso tempo, biologi impegnati nelle aree più disparate della vita animale e vegetale arrivano a toccare, forse più marcatamente che nel passato, questioni squisitamente filosofiche, e in particolare, estetologiche. Se una tale commistione di approcci e linee di ricerca ha certamente generato un fiorire di studi sul comportamento artistico animale – studi spesso arricchiti da preziose osservazioni tratte dal lavoro “sul campo” – allo stesso tempo, il richiamo a concetti tradizionalmente adottati dal pensiero filosofico (arte, sensibilità, tecnica, istinto, etc.) ha generato un bisogno sempre più impellente di chiarezza concettuale a cui autori dalle formazioni teoriche più diverse stanno cercando di dare risposta.
In questa direzione, è sembrato puntuale e necessario proporre un numero della nostra rivista incentrato sull’estetica animale e su alcuni aspetti rilevanti della problematica animale. Abbiamo deciso di raccogliere alcuni contributi dalla natura anche molto diversa tra loro e con impostazioni metodologiche diverse (dalla fenomenologia, alla critica letteraria, ad esempio), in modo che il lettore possa farsi un’idea, la più problematizzante possibile, rispetto agli attuali sviluppi dell’estetica animale. In ogni caso, non abbiamo escluso dal nostro volume approcci più storici rispetto al problema dell’animale, in modo che le tematiche affrontate siano contestualizzate anche nella tradizione del pensiero occidentale. In queste brevi righe introduttive ci limiteremo dunque a indicare alcune linee di lettura che il paziente lettore potrà (o meno) decidere di seguire, per costruire un filo conduttore che unisca tutti i contributi brevemente introdotti al termine di queste pagine, e che armonizzi voci così diverse fra loro, in un panorama tanto vario e complesso come quello degli animal studies.
[1] Si veda, A. Carlson, “Ten Steps in the Development of Western Environmental Aesthetics” in M. Drenthen, J. Keulatz (Ed.) Environmental aesthetics: crossing divides and breaking ground, New York, Fordham University Press, 2014, pp. 14-15
Identificazione immunoistochimica di Mycoplasma Mycoides subsp. Mycoides - osservazioni preliminari
No full text
NFT: tra esperienza estetica e nuovi mercati dell’arte
No full textIl presente lavoro affronta il tema degli NFTs artistici da un punto di vista
estetologico, cercando di individuare le categorie assiologiche maggiormente interessanti
di questo recente fenomeno artistico. Lo scopo è guardare al loro valore senza ridurlo al
mero valore di mercato e di scambio. Dopo aver descritto brevemente l’origine di questa
tecnologia, il suo rapporto con la crypto art, e la declinazione delle categorie valoriali di
unicità, autenticità e scarsità nel complesso connubio di blockchain e produzione artistica,
guarderemo ai potenziali effetti degli NFTs nel mercato dell’arte.This work addresses the topic of artistic NFTs from an aesthetic point of view, trying to
identify the most interesting axiological categories of this recent artistic phenomenon. The
aim is to look at their value without reducing it to mere market and exchange value. After
briefly describing the origin of this technology, its relationship with crypto art, and the
declination of the value categories of uniqueness, authenticity and scarcity in the complex
combination of blockchain and artistic production, we will look at the potential effects of
NFTs in the crypto market Art
Dog as model for down-expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in tubular epithelial cells in renal fibrosis.
No full textMechanism of renal fibrosis leading to end stage kidney remains still a challenge of interest in humans. The pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease is characterized by progressive loss of kidney function and fibrosis. The mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been predominantly studied in in vitro studies, and we previously demonstrated the EMT of tubular epithelial cells in dogs. In this study, we examined and quantified the modifications of cadherin-catenin complex by immunohistochemistry of E-cadherin and beta-catenin and the mesenchymal marker vimentin in 25 dogs with three different spontaneous inflammatory renal diseases. Results showed a significant down-expression of levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin directly correlated with the tubular-interstitial damage (TID). In TID grades 2 and 3, E-cadherin expression was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). beta-catenin expression was overall similar to E-cadherin. The mesenchymal-associated protein, vimentin, was de novo identified in tubules within areas of inflammation. In this work, we identified the loss of cadherin or catenin expression as a progressive mechanism in tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, which allows dissociation of structural integrity of renal epithelia and loss of epithelial polarity. The dog might result more significant as model for new therapies
Diagnostic exercise: sudden death in a mouse with experimentally induced acute myeloid leukemia
No full textA 22-week-old female 129/SvEv mouse suddenly died in the context of an experiment aimed at defining the efficacy of valproic acid in a mouse model of PML/RARα-induced acute myeloid leukemia. Histologic analysis confirmed the mouse as being affected by a progressive myeloid leukemia, with infiltration of the spleen, bone marrow, liver, kidneys, and lungs. Variably sized intravascular clumps (emboli) of dense basophilic material admixed with necrotic or lytic neoplastic cells were also observed in multiple organs. A positive reaction to Feulgen and Hoechst stain confirmed the high content in chromatin of these basophilic emboli. Cleaved caspase-3 activity was demonstrated both in the leukemic infiltrates and among the intravascular necrotic or lytic neoplastic cells accompanying the basophilic emboli. A diagnosis of acute tumor lysis syndrome related to therapy-induced massive necrosis and/or apoptosis of leukemic cells with subsequent dissemination of emboli of chromatin was proposed
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