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Development of a new analytical method to quantify polyphenols in biological fluids and application to cancer epidemiology within the EPIC cohort
No full textLes polyphénols sont un groupe de métabolites secondaires communément trouvés dans l’alimentation et plus de 500 composés différents sont retrouvés dans plus de 450 denrées alimentaires. Au cours des 30 dernières années, de nombreuses études in vitro et chez l’animal ont suggéré un rôle bénéfique des polyphénols dans des maladies chroniques comme le cancer 1-3. Les études épidémiologiques basées majoritairement sur des questionnaires alimentaires sont cependant plus contradictoires 4-6. De nouvelles méthodes sont requises pour quantifier un plus grand nombre de composés dans une même série afin de réaliser des études épidémiologiques à grande échelle. Le but de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes de quantification d’une large gamme de polyphénols représentatifs des principales classes et sous-classes de polyphénols dans le sang et urine, d’évaluer les excrétions urinaires de polyphénols et leurs associations avec la consommation d’aliments source dans une population Européenne, d’évaluer les concentrations dans le sang dans une étude cas-témoin sur cancer colorectal dans l’étude prospective européenne sur le cancer et la nutrition (EPIC). Après une brève présentation des polyphénols et du cancer colorectal dans le chapitre II, une méthode originale basée sur la dilution isotopique différentielle et l’analyse en spectrométrie de masse est développée pour quantifier 38 polyphénols dans l’urine et présentée dans le chapitre III. Cette méthode est basée sur un marquage différentiel en 12C et 13C des polyphénols grâce à une dérivatisation par les isotopes du chlorure de dansyl. Différentes conditions pour l’hydrolyse des polyphénols conjugués, l’extraction et la dérivatisation des aglycones ont été évaluées et la méthode a été validée pour la mesure de 37 polyphénols. Les niveaux d’excrétion urinaire de ces 37 polyphénols mesurés chez 475 individus de la cohorte EPIC issues de quatre pays européens sont présentés dans le chapitre IV. Une grande variabilité d’excrétion urinaire dans les quatre pays Européens a pu être montrée et des corrélations significatives avec la consommation de certains aliments source de ces composés ont été observées suggérant l’utilisation possible de plusieurs de ces polyphénols en tant que biomarqueurs de l’alimentation. Une méthode d’analyse pour les mêmes 37 polyphénols également basée sur la dilution isotopique différentielle est développée, validée et appliquée à 1618 échantillons dans la cohorte EPIC (chapitre V). Les changements majeurs en comparaison de la méthode sur la matrice urinaire sont essentiellement les difficultés d’hydrolyse des polyphénols conjugués et des effets de matrice importants mais réduits par la méthode de dilution isotopique. Enfin l’étude des associations entre l’exposition aux polyphénols mesurée à l’aide des marqueurs plasmatique avec le risque de cancer colorectal a été conduite dans une étude cas-témoin nichée dans la cohorte EPIC et est présentée dans le chapitre VI. Une association inverse entre les concentrations plasmatiques d’equol, et une association positive entre l’acide homovanillique et le risque de cancer du côlon ont été trouvées. Les résultats obtenus constituent une nouvelle base pour des applications futures dans le domaine de l’épidémiologie des polyphénolsPolyphenols are secondary plant metabolites found in diet and more than 500 different compounds are found in more than 450 foods. Along the last 30 years, many in vitro and animals studies have suggested a beneficial role of polyphenols in chronic diseases such as cancer. However, epidemiological studies based mainly on dietary questionnaires are inconsistent. New methodologies with broader polyphenol coverage are required to quantify a large diversity of compounds within large scale epidemiological studies.The goal of this thesis is to develop methods to quantify a large number of polyphenols representative of the main classes and sub-classes in blood and urine, evaluate urinary excretions of polyphenols and their association with food consumption in an European population, evaluate concentrations in blood in a nested case-control study on colorectal cancer within the European prospective investigation study on cancer and nutrition (EPIC).After a short presentation of polyphenols and colorectal cancer in chapter II, an original method based on differential isotopic dilution and analyse by tandem mass spectrometry is developed to quantify 38 polyphenols in urine and presented in chapter III. This method is based on differential 12C-/13C- isotope labelling of polyphenols through derivatisation with isotopic dansyl chloride reagents. Different conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated polyphenols, extraction and dansylation of unconjugated aglycones have been tested, optimized and validated for the measure of 37 polyphenols.Urinary excretion levels of these 37 polyphenols in 475 subjects within EPIC cohort from 4 European countries are presented in chapter IV. Large urinary excretion variability in the 4 European countries has been shown and significant correlations with the consumption of specific food containing polyphenols have been observed suggesting the possible used of some polyphenols as biomarker for food consumption.A similar method on plasma for the 37 polyphenols, based on differential isotopic dilution, is developed, validated and applied to 1618 samples within the EPIC cohort (Chapter V). Main changes compared to the method developed on urine are essentially difficulties to hydrolyse conjugated polyphenols and huge matrix effects but reduced by the isotopic dilution method.Finally, the study on the association between polyphenols exposure measured owing to plasmatic marker with colorectal cancer risk has been driven in a nested case-control study within the EPIC cohort and is presented in chapter VI. An inverse association between plasmatic concentrations of equol, and a positive association between homovanillic acid and colon cancer risk have been found.Results obtained constitute a new approach for future applications in large scale epidemiology study on polyphenol
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Des polyphénols pour protéger les plantes mais aussi la santé de l'homme
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Tannage, cognacs, préservation des bois et autres raisons de s'intéresser aux tanins végétaux. Module d'approfondissement de biologie. 1ère année, INAPG
No full text* INRA, URD, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9 Diffusion du document : INRA, URD, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9National audienc
Tannins in woods and their contribution to microbial decay prevention
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Quantitative methods for the estimation of tannins in plant tissues
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