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Labrisomus conditus Sazima, Carvalho-Filho, Gasparini & Sazima, 2009, sp. n.
No full text<i>Labrisomus conditus</i> sp. n. <p>Masquerader hairy blenny (Figures 1–4)</p> <p> <i>Labrisomus nuchipinnis</i>, (<i>non</i> Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), Boulenger 1890: 483, Springer 1959a: 429 (part), Soto 2001: 151, Mendes 2006: 818 –822.</p> <p> <i>Labrisomus</i> cf. <i>nuchipinnis</i>, Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002: 130, Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2007: 355.</p> <p> <b>Type series</b>: Holotype: ZUEC 6225 (119.0, male), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima & J. L. Gasparini, 14 June 2003. Paratypes: MZUSP 46338 (1, 88.5, unsexed), Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by A. Carvalho Filho, 20–23 June 1985; MZUSP 66820 (1, 100.0, female), Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by A. Carvalho Filho, March 1980; MZUSP 79735 (1, 95.8, male), Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by L. F. Mendes, July 1997; ZUEC 5370 (1, 94.8, female), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima; 18 June 2001; ZUEC 6218 (1, 127.0, male), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima; 13 June 2003; ZUEC 6224 (4, 108.1-134.2, 3 males, 1 female), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima & J. L. Gasparini, 15 June 2003; ZUEC 6225 (3, 109.3-120.5, 2 males, 1 female), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima & J. L. Gasparini, 14 June 2003; ZUEC 6306 (1, 132.1, female), Ilhota de Dois Irmãos, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by A. Carvalho- Filho, 25 October 2004; CIUFES 1052 (1, 93.2, female), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima; 18 June 2001; CIUFES 1107 (1, 124.7, male), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima & J. L. Gasparini, 14 June 2003.</p> <p> <b>Non-type material</b>: ZUEC 5374 (2, 54.0-75.1, 1 male, 1 unsexed juvenile), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima, 17 June 2001; ZUEC 6224 (1, 91.8, male), Praia do Boldró, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by I. Sazima & J. L. Gasparini, 15 June 2003; ZUEC 6306 (1, 85.3, male), Ilhota de Dois Irmãos, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03°50’S, 32°25’W), collected by A. Carvalho-Filho, 25 October 2004.</p> <p> <b>Comparative material</b>: <i>Labrisomus cricota</i>: ZUEC 3434 (holotype), ZUEC 4843 (paratypes), <i>Labrisomus filamentosus</i>: USNM 197788, <i>Labrisomus gobio:</i> MZUSP 48244, <i>Labrisomus kalisherae</i>: ZUEC 3466, <i>Labrisomus nuchipinnis</i>: ZUEC 3404, 5007.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>: <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> differs from its Western Atlantic congeners (Springer 1959a, Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002) by the following combination of characters: nuchal cirri when depressed not reaching dorsal-fin origin, 68 to 73 lateral line scales, first and second dorsal-fin spines slightly shorter than third spine and not flexible, numerous pale dots overall (light blue in life), opercular dark spot with incomplete and diffuse broad pale margin (orange in life).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>: Morphometrics of holotype (119.0 mm SL, male) and 15 paratypes (88.5–134.2 mm SL, 8 males, 6 females, 1 unsexed) as percent of SL (range and mean of paratypes in parentheses): head length 31.7 (29.8–32.5, 31.3); snout length 9.4 (7.7–9.8, 9.0); orbit diameter 6.2 (6.2–7.0, 6.6); interorbital width 4.5 (4.0–5.0, 4.5); upper jaw length 15.0 (13.1–14.6, 13.6) body depth 28.1 (24.2–29.3, 26.2); caudal peduncle depth 9.4 (8.8–10.5, 9.8); longest pectoral ray 22.0 (19.2–22.5, 20.8.); middle pelvic ray 18.1 (16.7–20.3, 18.0). Males and females overlap in all proportions.</p> <p>Body entirely scaly except for interpelvic space, pectoral axilla, head and opercle; scales present on caudal and pectoral-fin bases, basal portion of whole dorsal-fin and anal-fin membranes. Numerous branched canals and pores on head, one branch from pre-opercular series extending onto upper opercle. Mouth subterminal. A single well-developed row of conical slightly recurved teeth on each jaw, and an inner closeset patch of much smaller, villiform teeth. Distal teeth on upper jaw larger than proximal ones. Vomerine teeth in a “V” pattern, the apical and centralmost one at least 5 times larger than remainder, the latter arranged in 2–3 rows. Dorsal-fin rays XVIII, 12 (12), anal-fin rays II, 17 (16–17, 16.8), pelvic-fin rays I, 3 (3); pectoralfin rays 14 (14). Lateral line scales 69 (68–73, 70). Nuchal cirri 60, supra-orbital cirri 24 (a few branched), nasal cirri 12 (a few branched).</p> <p> <b>Color pattern</b>: adult males variable; body grayish or reddish brown to dark brown crossed by four darker irregular bars, sometimes with fainter and shorter ones between them, with scattered irregular pale spots (less conspicuous on dark individuals, and faint or absent in preservation); caudal peduncle same color as body often with a darker bar; head grayish or reddish brown to dark brown, cheeks mottled yellowish brown (obscure in dark individuals); chin, throat, chest and belly yellowish brown to gray with scattered darker melanophores (a few individuals with pale blotches on chin and throat); a blackish spot on light or reddish to dark brown opercle; dorsal-fin grayish to dark brown to about the middle of the rays, the remainder portion pale to grayish brown in some individuals (darker individuals with almost uniformly brown fin); pectoral-fins gray to dark brown with paler base; pelvic-fin grayish to dark brown; caudal-fin grayish or reddish brown to dark brown to about the middle extending to the central and 2–3 lower rays, the remainder ones pale grayish brown (heavily pigmented in a few individuals) crossed by darker markings; adult females differ from males mostly by profusion of pale dots on head, very numerous on the lower portion and reaching the base of pectoral-fin; pale blotches on chin and throat more conspicuous; scattered irregular pale spots and blotches on body including the darker bars; dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral-fins dark brown mottled pale gray; usually a dark spot between second and third spines of dorsal-fin. In life and natural habitat, males and females with diffuse and incomplete broad orange margin on opercular spot, more conspicuous on males (Figure 2); light blue dots on head and body (Figures 2–4), interspersed with greenish blotches on body and dorsal-fins (clearly visible on females, Figure 3); bars on body reach dorsal-fin. Two males photographed in a field aquarium – thus presumably under considerable stress – displayed narrow, incomplete rim (in one individual orange and in the other bluish green) on the opercular spot and the diffuse and incomplete broad orange margin was obscured; the narrow rim disappeared shortly after death. A bluish green rim was also noted in a juvenile observed in natural habitat at a very low tide.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. From the Latin <i>conditus</i> = hidden, an allusion to this scaly blenny being misidentified as <i>L.</i></p> <p> <i>nuchipinnis</i> by most authors who dealt with specimens from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is presently known only from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (0350’S, 32°25’W), a volcanic formation off NE Brazil, tropical Southwestern Atlantic.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>: <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is readily distinguished from the sympatric <i>Labrisomus kalisherae</i> (Jordan) and the allopatric, Caribbean <i>Labrisomus albigenys</i> Beebe & Tee-Van, <i>Labrisomus bucciferus</i> (Poey), <i>Labrisomus gobio</i> (Valenciennes), and <i>Labrisomus haitiensis</i> Beebe & Tee-Van, by the dark spot on opercle (absent in the five latter species, Springer 1959a). The new species differs from <i>Labrisomus filamentosu</i> s Springer by the absence of three long and flexible anterior spines on the dorsal fin (color figure in Humann & DeLoach 2002). From <i>Labrisomus guppyi</i> (Norman) and <i>Labrisomus nigricinctus</i> Rivero the new species is distinguished by higher number of lateral line scales (Springer 1959a); additionally, the latter species has a distinct banded color pattern and opercular spot clearly delimited by complete narrow rim (color figure in Humann & DeLoach 2002). The new species most closely resembles <i>Labrisomus nuchipinnis</i> (Quoy & Gaimard) and <i>Labrisomus cricota</i> Sazima, Gasparini & Moura (Figures 1 and 3 in Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002) with which it shares a conspicuous dark opercular spot and a high number of lateral line scales (64 to 69 in the two former species and 68 to 73 in the new species). <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> differs from <i>L. cricota</i> by first and second rays of dorsal-fin slightly shorter than third (versus first and second rays longer than third); additionally, the new species has light blue dots overall (versus blue dots on head only). From <i>L. nuchipinnis</i> the new species differs mostly by median nuchal cirri when depressed not reaching origin of dorsal-fin (versus reaching origin of dorsal-fin), numerous light blue dots overall in life (versus no such dots), dark opercular spot diffusely delimited by incomplete and broad orange margin in life (versus clearly delimited narrow white rim). The narrow orange or bluish green rim observed in two <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> males in a small field aquarium disappeared shortly after death (narrow white rim on the opercular spot of <i>L. nuchipinnis</i> remains clearly seen in freshly preserved individuals, see Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002). Additionally, the new species has the apical and centralmost vomerine tooth at least 5 times larger than remainder (about 3 times in <i>L. nuchipinnis</i>), the latter in 2–3 rows (single row in <i>L. nuchipinnis</i>).</p> <p> There are five species within the genus <i>Labrisomus</i> presently known from Southwestern Atlantic: <i>L. nuchipinnis</i>, <i>L. kalisherae</i>, <i>L. cricota</i> and <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> (Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002, present paper), besides <i>L. gobio</i> – this latter based on seven specimens (UF 172866) identified by W. F. Smith-Vaniz and collected at Rocas Atoll, off northeastern Brazil (W. F. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm.), and an additional specimen from the same locality (MZUSP 48244). The record of <i>L. guppyi</i> from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Greenfield & Johnson 1981) could refer to the species described here as new, since presently there is no substantiated record of <i>L. guppyi</i> for Brazil (<i>e.g</i>. Robins & Ray 1986, Cervigón 1994, Carvalho-Filho 1999, Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002).</p> <p> <b>Natural History</b>: <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is a territorial bottom-dweller in rocky shores (Figure 5) and is found among algae and in crevices at depths from 0.5 to 6 m. Females and juveniles dwell most often on sandy substrata near rocks (Mendes 2006). The new species feeds mostly on crustaceans (crabs, amphipods) and molluscs (snails, bivalves). On occasions it may follow a foraging <i>Muraena pavonina</i> Richardson (Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2007, N= 2) and very occasionally seeks the cleaning stations of <i>Elacatinus phthirophagus</i> Sazima, Carvalho-Filho & Sazima (IS pers. obs., N= 1). <i>Labrisomus conditus</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is a territorial fish (Mendes 2006) like other species within the genus (Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002). Breeding males in the process of attracting females display reddish head and dark bands on lighter background (Mendes 2006), a trait also recorded for <i>L. cricota</i> and <i>L. nuchipinnis</i> (Sazima <i>et al</i>. 2002, Gibran <i>et al</i>. 2004).</p>Published as part of <i>Sazima, Ivan, Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo, Gasparini, João Luiz & Sazima, Cristina, 2009, A new species of scaly blenny of the genus Labrisomus (Actinopterygii: Labrisomidae) from the tropical West Atlantic, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2015</i> on pages 63-67, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/274694">10.5281/zenodo.274694</a>
Occupational Hazards: Brown Boobies (sula Leucogaster) As A Nuisance To Fishermen At Fernando De Noronha Island, With Comments On Injuries Inflicted To The Birds [resumo: Riscos Ocupacionais: O Atobá-pardo (sula Leucogaster) Como Estorvo Para Pescadores Na Ilha De Fernando De Noronha, Com Comentários Sobre Ferimentos Causados às Aves]
No full text[No abstract available]163250251Branco, J.O., Descartes da pesca do camarão sete-barbas como fonte de alimento para aves marinhas (2001) Revta. Bras. Zool, 18 (1), pp. 293-300Carboneras, C., Family Sulidae (gannets and boobies) (1992) Handbook of The Birds of The World, 1, pp. 312-325. , In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot & J. Sargatal (eds), Ostrich to ducks. Barcelona: Lynx EdicionsLinsker, R., (2003) Arquipélago Fernando De Noronha: O Paraíso Do Vulcão, , São Paulo: Terra Virgem EditoraMartin, P., Bateson, P., (1986) Measuring Behaviour, An Introductory Guide, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressSchreiber, E.A., Norton, R.L., (2002) Brown Booby Sula Leucogaster, , http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/649, In: A. Poole (ed.) The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of OrnithologySick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, Uma Introdução, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova FronteiraSilva, J.M., Silva, F.J.L., Sazima, C., Sazima, I., Trophic relationships of the spinner dolphin at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, SW Atlantic (2007) Sci. Mar, 71 (3), pp. 505-51
Figure 2 in Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish
No full textFigure 2. (A) When moving alone, the octopus Octopus insularis adopts the bicolour pattern (taken from a video frame) similar to that of Cephalopholis fulva (B).Published as part of Krajewski, J.P., Bonaldo, R.M., Sazima, C. & Sazima, I., 2009, Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish, pp. 185-190 in Journal of Natural History 43 (3-4) on page 188, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802450965, http://zenodo.org/record/521673
FIGURE 1 in A new cleaner species of Elacatinus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic
No full textFIGURE 1: Elacatinus phthirophagus sp. n., holotype (ZUEC 3895), 31.8 mm SL (Photograph by I. Sazima).Published as part of Sazima, Ivan, Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo & Sazima, Cristina, 2008, A new cleaner species of Elacatinus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 27-32 in Zootaxa 1932 on page 28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18486
Figure 1 in Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish
No full textFigure 1. (A) Octopus insularis (centre) followed by 10 Cephalopholis fulva. (B) While moving backwards jet-propelled, the octopus (centre) matches the bicolour contrasting pattern of the accompanying C. fulva, becoming inconspicuous within the fish group (taken from a video frame). (C) Detail of another fish–octopus group, showing the octopus matching another colour pattern (uniform brown) of C. fulva.Published as part of Krajewski, J.P., Bonaldo, R.M., Sazima, C. & Sazima, I., 2009, Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish, pp. 185-190 in Journal of Natural History 43 (3-4) on page 187, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802450965, http://zenodo.org/record/521673
Scinax curicica Pugliese, Pombal & Sazima, 2004, sp. nov.
No full textScinax curicica sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Hyla duartei: Bokermann, 1967 (part): 436 Scinax duartei: Eterovick & Sazima, 2000: 443 Scinax cf. duartei: Eterovick & Sazima, 2004: 63 Holotype— MNRJ 26327, adult male, Alto Palácio (19 ° 15 ' 16 ''S; 43 ° 32 ' 18 ''W; 1314 m alt.), municipality of Santana do Riacho, State of Minas Gerais, SE Brazil, collected on 21–23 November 2000 by U. Caramaschi, C. A. G. Cruz, R. N. Feio, L. B. Nascimento & H. Niemeyer. Paratopotypes— CFBH 289, 796 –797, 6380 collected on 0 9 March 1987 by J. P. Pombal Jr. & O.C. Oliveira; MCN 1988–1989, MNRJ 26321–26326 collected on 2123 November 2000 by U. Caramaschi, C. A. G. Cruz, R. N. Feio, L. B. Nascimento & H. Niemeyer; MCN 3646 – 648 collected on 27 January 2004 by L.B. Nascimento, B.V.S. Pimenta & C.A.B. Galdino; MNRJ 2633926340 collected on 18–20 October 2000 by L. B. Nascimento & A. Pugliese; MNRJ 2684826851 collected on 20 November 1999 by L. B. Nascimento & J. B. Isaac Jr.; MNRJ 2685226855 collected on 19 November 2000 by L. B. Nascimento, D. C. F. Carneiro & F. M. H. Nunes; MZUSP 56885–56887 collected on 18 December 1979 by M. Rodrigues; MZUSP 5771457715 collected on 5 February 1986; MZUSP 69225 collected on 48 September 1989 by M. Rodrigues; MZUSP 76417 collected on 13 February 1965 by W.C.A. Bokermann & A. Machado; MZUSP 76582 76584 collected on February 1972 by W.C.A. Bokermann & I. Sazima; MZUSP 77103 collected on 1–3 November 1972; ZUEC 2106 collected on 28 April to 0 1 May 1972 by I. Sazima & M. Sazima; ZUEC 2246 collected on 02–07 September 1972 by I. Sazima & M. Sazima; ZUEC 2855 collected on 27 October to 0 1 November 1973 by I. Sazima, M. Sazima & O. C. Oliveira; ZUEC 8217–8219 collected on 1920 December 1978 by A. J. Cardoso & J. Vieira; ZUEC 7509 collected on 0708 March 1987 by I. Sazima, J. P. Pombal Jr. & O. C. Oliveira. Diagnosis— A mediumsized species (males 25.2–30.2; females 28.5–31.5 mm SVL) belonging to the Scinax ruber clade (sensu Faivovich, 2002), characterized by (1) snout subacuminate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; (2) canthus rostralis straight to nearly curved; (3) brown to gray dorsal background with interocular blotch extending in two longitudinal stripes to inguinal region, with or without interruptions; (4) yellow flash color blotches on hidden surfaces of thighs; (5) fins of tadpole high; (6) advertisement call with a multipulsed note, high number of pulses (29–43 pulses) and long call duration (approximately 1.7 s). Comparison with other species— Scinax curicica is distinguished from the very similar S. duartei by its snout more protruded, canthus rostralis more evident, larger loreal region, and narrower adhesive discs. From the also similar S. caldarum, the new species differs by its head and loreal region wider and canthus rostralis more evident. Scinax curicica differs from S. eurydice, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, and S. perereca by its smaller size (34.0–52.0 SVL combined size; Bokermann, 1968; Lutz, 1973; Heyer et al., 1990; Pombal et al., 1995 b; Kwet & DiBernardo, 1999). The new species is distinguished from S. fuscomarginatus by its larger size (S. fuscomarginatus 18.023.0mm SVL; Lutz, 1973) and less developed vocal sac. From S. eurydice, S. fuscovarius, S. crospedospilus, and S. similis the new species is distinguished by its dorsal color pattern with no inverted “parenthesislike” marking (figures in Cochran, 1955; Lutz, 1973; Kwet & DiBernardi, 1999). Scinax curicica differs from S. maracaya by its dorsal color pattern with no dark blotches with light rims (Cardoso & Sazima, 1980). The new species is distinguished from S. squalirostris by its shorter snout, rounded in lateral view (long and strongly acute in S. squalirostris). Scinax curicica differs from S. cardosoi by its larger male size and by oblique dorsal stripes (males S. cardosoi 19.6–23.3 mm SVL, dorsum with three parallel stripes; Carvalho e Silva & Peixoto, 1991). From S. alter, the new species differs by its smaller adhesive discs, larger interocular blotch and oblique dorsal stripes (parallel in S. alter). Scinax curicica differs from S. cuspidatus by its rounded snout in lateral view (acuminate in S. cuspidatus) and smaller adhesive discs. Furthermore, Scinax curicica is distinguished from S. alter, S. caldarum, S. crospedospilus, S. cuspidatus, S. eurydice, S. duartei, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, S. maracaya, S. perereca, and S. squalirostris by its distinct advertisement call (see figures in Pombal et al., 1995 a). Description of holotype— Body slender; small size (27.1 mm SVL); head triangular in dorsal view, longer than wide, as wide as the body, its length corresponding to 34 % SVL (Fig. 1); snout subacuminate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view (Fig. 2 A, B); nostrils dorsolateral, rounded, slightly elevated; canthus rostralis almost straight, slightly marked; loreal region slightly concave; eye mediumsized, its diameter corresponding to 31 % of head width; tympanum visible, rounded (Fig. 2 B); supratympanic fold small; vocal sac single, median and subgular; vocal slits laterally on mouth floor; tongue large, lanceshaped, notched posteriorly, barely free; vomerine teeth in two straight series, close to each other between the oval choanae. Pectoral fold present. Arm slender, forearm moderately robust; hand with inner metacarpal tubercle single, elliptical; outer metacarpal tubercle divided, inner oval and outer elongated (Fig. 2 C); fingers slender, mediumsized, relative lengths I<II<IV<III, with no evident nuptial pad; subarticular and supernumerary tubercles single, small and rounded on all fingers; finger disks nearly rounded, medium sized; webbing barely visible (Fig 2 C). Legs moderately robust; foot with inner metatarsal tubercle single and oval; outer metacarpal tubercle single and rounded; toes long, relative lengths I<II<III=V<IV; subarticular and supernumerary tubercles single, small and rounded (Fig. 2 D); toe disks nearly rounded, medium sized; adhesive disk of toe IV as wide as tympanum. Webbing formula I 2 – 21 / 3 II 12 / 3 – 3 III 2 – 31 / 3 IV 3 – 11 / 2 V. S k i n o n dorsum smooth with dispersed tubercles; belly and throat granular. Color in preservative of the holotype— Light grayish brown in dorsal view, conspicuous interocular blotch dark grayish brown extending into two longitudinal stripes to inguinal region (forming a “V” pattern with blunt apex on head). Dark brown canthal stripe continuing behind the eye, above tympanum, and ending on arm insertion. Posterior surfaces of thighs with irregularly outlined blotches; belly yellowish; ventral region of hands and feet light gray, darkening distally. Measurements of the holotype (mm)— Snoutvent length 27.1; head length 9.2; head width 8.5; eye diameter 2.6; interorbital distance 2.8; eyenostril distance 2.0; eyesnout distance 3.6; internarial distance 1.7; nostril diameter 0.4; tympanum diameter 1.2; thigh length 12.6; tibia length 13.9; tarsus length 7.1; foot length 12.4; disc of the 3 rd finger width 1.2; arm length 5.7; forearm length 3.8; hand length 7.1. Variation— A few males display a discrete nuptial pad; choanae oval to elliptical; canthus rostralis straight to slightly concave. Three dorsal patterns were recorded: (1) Longitudinal stripes without interruption and brown interocular blotch that anteriorly may present a straight margin or form a triangle, extending backwards into two oblique longitudinal stripes forming a “V” pattern; dorsolateral region may be slightly pigmented; (2) with some interruption on the interocular blotches or with no longitudinal stripes; dorsolateral region may be slightly pigmented; (3) faint or only vestiges of such patterns. The dorsolateral brown stripes present two patterns: (1) incomplete stripe, ending immediately behind or a little after arm insertion; (2) stripe very distinct until arm insertion and diffused until inguinal region. The disposition of spots on posterior surfaces of thighs presents four conditions: (1) spots disposed with no definite pattern; (2) elliptical spots disposed longitudinally, may or may not form stripes; (3) several spots with irregular edge; (4) transversally elongated spots. Four color patterns on upper surfaces of tibia were recorded: (1) uniform, without spots (2) rounded or oval spots disposed irregularly; (3) bars sometimes interrupted and sometimes with rounded spots; and (4) complete bars. Hand tubercles displayed more variation than foot tubercles. The external metacarpal tubercle is bilobate or divided, elliptical or oval shaped. The arrangement of subarticular tubercles is characterized by the following forms: those of finger IV are simple, bilobate or divided, elliptical or oval shaped; those of toe V simple and rounded or divided oval. Webbing formulas is I (2 – – 2 +) – (2 + – 3) II (11 / 3 – 2 +) – (3 – – 3 +) III (11 / 2 – 2 ) – (3 – – 31 / 3) IV (3 – – 3 +) – (1 + – 12 / 3) V. Color in life— Dorsal background dark brown gray to grayish orange (Fig. 3), some specimens gray; limbs lighter; stripes and markings dark brown to brownish dark gray; tympanum reddish brown; upper half of iris light orange to light brown with sparsely dispersed darker pigment, lower half darker. Vocalization— The advertisement calls of S. curicica is composed of a multipulsed note (Fig. 4) with duration between 0.76 and 4.5 s (x= 1.72; SD= 1.85; n= 4). The note contains 29–43 pulses with duration of 0.010– 0.012 s (= 0.01; SD=0.00; n= 4). Pulses interval ranges 0.008– 0.010 s (= 0.01; SD=0.00; n= 4). Means frequency varies from 0.79 kHz 0.07 (range 0.70–0.84 kHz; n= 4) to 4.48 kHz 0.23 (range 4.22–4.78 kHz; n= 4). Mean dominant frequency varies from 2.58 kHz 0.12 (range 2.44–2.72 kHz; n= 4) to 3.63 kHz 0.05 (range 3.56–3.66 kHz; n= 4). The advertisement call of Scinax curicica differs from those of S. caldarum and S. duartei (all from type localities) by its longer duration and fewer pulses per call (S. duartei call duration about 0.33 s with four to eight pulses with pulse interval about = 0.03 s; S. caldarum call duration about 0.26 s with seven to thirteen pulses; pulse interval about = 0.01 s). Dominant frequency in S. duartei between ranges 2.15–2.85 kHz; S. caldarum ranges between 2.41–2.61 kHz. Tadpole— Mean total length 36.9 ± 4.1 mm (n= 20; Table 2); body triangular, globose in lateral view, oval in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 5 A–C), its length about 34 % (32– 41 %) of total length (Table 2); four lateral lines: two beginning on dorsal region at level of snout, following laterally, profiling posterior part of eyes and ending near the spiracle; two lines beginning at origin of caudal musculature and ending on posterior body margin (Fig. 5 A–B); snout rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 5 B); eyes lateral, diameter about 16 % (13– 19 %) of body height; nostrils small, rounded, placed dorsally, visible in lateral view, nearer to eyes than to snout (Table 2), diameter about 22 % (18–26 %) of eye diameter; internarial distance 79 % of interorbital distance; spiracle single, sinistral, short, not projected, round opening, placed in middle third of body, posterodorsally orientated; spiracle inner wall ending in slight ridge, spiracle lateral wall end anterior to insertion of medial wall; spiraclesnout distance about 73 % (64–80 %) of body length; vent tube short, dextral, attached to ventral fin. Tail musculature moderately robust, tapering gradually to pointed end; dorsal fin beginning on middle third of body, rising for first third of tail length, then slopping until its end; ventral fin beginning at end of body; tail tip slightly rounded. Oral disc anteroventral, its width about 32 % (28–38 %) of body width; marginal papillae in most of oral disc but for small gap on upper labium; marginal papillae in lower labium more elongate than those in upper labium, rounded and shorter; submarginal papillae rounded, unordered in angular portion; labial tooth row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1); jaw sheath strong and serrated, upper jaw strangle arched with slight projection in its median portion and lower jaw Vshaped (Fig. 5 D), keratinous spurs present on both ends of lower jaw sheath, directed inwards. In preservative (formalin 5 %), dorsum, caudal musculature, and legs brown; in profile body translucent; fins translucent with light brown blotches, generally rounded, irregularly distributed (in some specimens blotches also on caudal musculature). Newlymetamorphosed froglets already display dorsal adult pattern. Tadpoles of S. curicica have more truncated snout than S. duartei in profile (Bokermann, 1967 considered the snout slightly truncate in a population of S. duartei from Campos do Jordão, São Paulo State). The mean total length of S. curicica in stage 37 is 36.9 mm (27.0–43.0 mm; n= 20; the specimen with 27.0 mm has regenerated tail) whereas that of S. duartei in stage 36 is 29.9 mm (29.0– 31.6 mm). Body length of S. curicica tadpole corresponds to 34 % of total length and 76 % of body height (in S. duartei 32 % and 65 %, respectively). Scinax curicica tadpole has a body more globose than that of S. duartei, narrower oral disc and about 32 % of body width (in S. duartei this relation is 38 %). A comparison of the tadpoles of S. duartei, S. caldarum and S. curicica and the tadpoles of other species of the Scinax ruber group of southeastern Brazil is difficult, as they are very similar externally (Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 1999; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001). Labial tooth row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1) of S. duartei from the Itatiaia region, S. caldarum, and S. curicica is the same as those found in S. alter, S. cuspidatus, S. eurydice and S. perereca, differing, however, from those of S. crospedospilus and S. duartei from the Campos do Jordão region (Bokermann, 1967; Heyer et al., 1990; Andrade and Cardoso, 1991; Wogel et al., 2000; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001; Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 2002). Body and tail fins of S. curicica are higher than S. caldarum (see Andrade and Cardoso, 1991). Among species of the S. ruber clade, tadpoles of S. eurydice present a prominent snout in lateral view (Bokermann, 1968; Wogel et al., 2000), a characteristic also found in larvae of S. curicica. The relationships between eye diameter and body length and body height of the new species correspond to 12 % and 16 %, respectively, whereas for S. alter these correspond to 17 % and 31 %; for S. cuspidatus they correspond to 16 % and 30 %; for S. duartei from the Itatiaia region correspond to 18 % and 27 %; for S. eurydice correspond to 20 % and 30 %; for S. hayii correspond to 12 % and 18 %; for S. perereca correspond to 14 % and 22 %; and for S. similis the relationships correspond to 17 % and 27 % (see Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 1999; 2002; Wogel et al., 2000; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001). Natural history— During the day adult frogs are found sheltered under rocks, moss carpets, fallen trunks, leaves of arums, and within bromeliad rosettes, close to the sites where reproduction takes place. Scinax curicica breeds in temporary puddles and ponds and swamps, as well as in backwaters of temporary streams surrounded by shrubby or arboreal vegetation. Males call throughout the whole rainy season (OctoberMarch) and even during the dry season provided that there is water available for tadpole development. They vocalize at night, on the shrubby vegetation and, occasionally, on the ground. After a female is attracted to a given calling male, axillary amplexus takes place and the female carries the mounted male to the water. The egg clutch is placed on the bottom of small ponds, marshes, and backwaters of slowly running streams, usually on submerged vegetation, and contains about 400 pigmented eggs. The tadpoles, fawn with golden reflection in life, are diurnal and dwell at sites with abundant aquatic vegetation during the whole larval period. They are typically found at midwater in depths of 10–70 cm. Larval development takes about five months. Tadpoles and recentlymetamorphosed froglets are found most of the year. Predation by snakes on S. curicica adults was recorded twice. One frog was found in the gut of a juvenile Bothrops neuwiedii (Viperidae), and another was recorded being swallowed by an adult Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Colubridae) on the ground at early night. Distribution— The new species is presently known only from the type locality and from the neighboring Serra do Caraça in Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil. Etymology— The specific name is a corrupted form of the Tupi Amerindian name “yacuriycica” (Oliveira, 1960). The name is here used as a noun in apposition and is the nickname of our friend and artist from Museu Nacional, Paulo Roberto Nascimento. The English common name Lanceback Treefrog was proposed by Eterovick & Sazima (2004) for this species.Published as part of Pugliese, Adriana, Pombal, José P. & Sazima, Ivan, 2004, A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from rocky montane fields of the Serra do Cipó, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 688 on pages 3-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15810
Bat Pollination Of The Terrestrial Herb Irlbachia Alata (gentianacae) In Northeastern Brazil
No full textThe pollination of the terrestrial herb Irlbachia alata by the bat Glossophaga soricina was recorded in northeastern Brazil. This herb colonizes disturbed swampy sites in clearings and forest edges, blooming year-round. Its greenish white flowers open at dusk and attract phyllostomid bats and hawkmoths. The long-tongued bat Glossophaga soricina is the major pollinator of I. alata at the study site, with its trapline visits promoting cross-pollination of this herb. The small flowers and the delicate stem of I. alata match the small size and the manoeuverable flight of glossophagine bats.2093-4231237Baker, H.G., Evolutionary relationships between flowering plants and animals in American and African tropical forests (1973) Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review, pp. 145-159. , MEGGERS, B. J., AYENSU, E. S., DUCKWORTH, W. D., (Eds): Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution PressCruden, R.W., Baker, I., Minor parasitism in pollination biology and its community function: The case of Ceiba acuminata (1971) BioScience, 21, pp. 1127-1129Buzato, S., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Pollination of three species of Abutilon (Malvaceae) intermediate between bat and hummingbird syndromes (1994) Flora, 189, pp. 327-334Dobat, K., Peikert-Holle, T., (1985) Blüten und Fledermäuse (Chiropterophilie), , Frankfurt am Main: KramerGuedes, M.L.S., (1992) Estudo Florístico e Fitossociolögico de um Trecho da Reserva Ecológica da Mata de Dois Irmãos. Recife - Pernambuco, , MSc. Thesis, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifeHeithaus, E.R., Coevolution between bats and plants (1982) Ecology of Bats, pp. 287-325. , In KUNZ, T. H., (Ed.): New York: Plenum PressVon Helversen, O., Adaptations of flowers to the pollination by glossophagine bats (1993) Plant-animal Interactions in Tropical Environments, pp. 41-59. , BARTHLOTT, W., NAUMANN, C. M., SCHMIDT-LOSKE, K., SCHUCHMANN, K.-L., (Eds): Bonn: Museum Alexander KoenigLemke, T.O., Foraging ecology of the long nosed bat, Glossophaga soricina, with respect to resource availability (1984) Ecology, 65, pp. 538-548Newstrom, L.E., Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G., A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at la Selva, Costa Rica (1994) Biotropica, 26, pp. 141-159Radford, A.E., Dickson, W.C., Massey, J.R., Bell, C.R., (1974) Vascular Plant Systematics, , New York: Harper & RowSazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., The saw-billed hermit Ramphodon naevius and its flowers in southeastern Brazil (1995) J. Ornithol., 136, pp. 195-206Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Bat pollination of the passion flower, Passiflora mucronata, in southeastern Brazil (1978) Biotropica, 10, pp. 100-109Hummingbird pollination in two species of Vellozia (Liliiflorae: Velloziaceae) in southeastern Brazil (1990) Bot. Acta, 103, pp. 83-86Buzato, S., Nectar by day and night: Siphocampylus sulfureus (Lobeliaceae) pollinated by hummingbirds and bats (1994) Pl. Syst. Evol., 191, pp. 237-246Sazima, I., Bat pollination of Vriesea in southeastern Brazil (1995) Bromélia, 2, pp. 29-37Snow, B.K., The behavior and ecology of hermit hummingbirds in the Kanaku Mountains, Guyana (1973) Wilson Bull., 85, pp. 163-177Vogel, S., Fledermausblumen in Südamerika (1958) Oesterr. Bot. Z., 104, pp. 491-530Chiropterophilie in der neotropischen Flora (Neue Mitteilungen II) (1969) Flora, 158, pp. 185-222Webb, C.J., Bawa, K.S., Pollen dispersal by hummingbirds and butterflies: A comparative study of two lowland tropical plants (1983) Evolution, 37, pp. 1258-1270Wolf, L.L., Stiles, F.G., Hainsworth, F.R., Ecological organization of a tropical highland hummingbird community (1976) J. Anim. Ecol., 32, pp. 349-379Zeisler, M., Über die Abgrenzung der eigentlichen Narbenflache mit Hilfe von Reaktionen (1938) Beih. Bot. Centralbl., 58, pp. 308-31
FIGURE 4 in A new species of scaly blenny of the genus Labrisomus (Actinopterygii: Labrisomidae) from the tropical West Atlantic
No full textFIGURE 4. Labrisomus conditus sp. n., adult female in natural habitat, showing nasal, supra-orbital, and nuchal cirri, dark pattern, and a profusion of pale blue dots on head, especially on chin and throat; sand grains are adhered to dorsum and first dorsal spine (Photograph by I. Sazima).Published as part of Sazima, Ivan, Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo, Gasparini, João Luiz & Sazima, Cristina, 2009, A new species of scaly blenny of the genus Labrisomus (Actinopterygii: Labrisomidae) from the tropical West Atlantic, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2015 on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27469
Physalaemus atlanticus Haddad & Sazima, 2004, sp. nov.
No full textPhysalaemus atlanticus sp. nov. Holotype— CFBH 3221 (Fig. 1), adult male collected at Núcleo Picinguaba (23 ° 23 ’ S, 44 ° 50 ’ W), Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Municipality of Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, on 20 January 1999 by C. F. B. Haddad. Paratopotypes — CFBH 1504, adult female collected on 20–21 September 1991 by C. F. B. Haddad, J. P. Pombal Jr., R. P. Bastos, L. P. C. Morellato, and E. C. Pombal; CFBH 1711, adult female collected on 3 October 1992 by R. P. Bastos and A. R. Silveira; CFBH 2108 adult female collected on 28 December 1993 – 02 January 1994 by C. F. B. Haddad; CFBH 3208, 3209, 3211, 3215 20, nine adult males collected with the holotype; CFBH 3212–3214, three adult females collected with the holotype. Paratypes — ZUEC 620, adult female collected at Praia Domingas Dias, Municipality of Ubatuba (23 ° 26 ’ S, 45 °04’ W), State of São Paulo, Brazil, on 9 January 1971 by I. Sazima and M. Schneider; ZUEC 2617, adult female collected at Praia Domingas Dias, Municipality of Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, on 3–7 March 1973 by I. Sazima, M. Sazima, and O. C. de Oliveira. Diagnosis— Physalaemus atlanticus belongs to the Physalaemus signifer group (sensu Lynch, 1970), and is characterized by the following set of characters: (1) small size (males 20.1–22.1 mm SVL, females 21.0– 23.9 mm SVL); (2) canthus rostralis distinct; (3) dorsal skin texture smooth to slightly rugose; (4) belly orange in life; (5) pulsed advertisement call with duration of 0.6– 0.84 s and frequency between 0.9–1.8 kHz. Comparison with other species— Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. bokermanni by its larger size (P. bokermanni males 15.9 –17.0 mm SVL; Cardoso & Haddad 1985), advertisement call with lower frequencies, longer duration, higher pulse rate, and higher number of pulses/call, (Cardoso & Haddad 1985). Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. c a e t e by its smaller size (P. caete males 23.5–25.8 mm SVL; Pombal & Madureira 1997), snout more acuminate, smoother dorsal skin, and more pigmented chest. Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. crombiei by its slightly larger size (P. crombiei males 18.9 – 20.0 mm SVL; Heyer & Wolf 1989), its narrower snout, belly orange (pinkish in P. crombiei), advertisement call without a set of notes, with longer duration, and with lower pulse rate (Heyer & Wolf 1989). The new species differs from P. maculiventris (males 18.6–20.9 mm SVL; n = 5) by having a broad head and snout, snout less acuminate in dorsal view, ventral blotches absent (very conspicuous in P. maculiventris), and advertisement call with lower frequencies and longer duration (Heyer et al. 1990). Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. moreirae by its smaller size (P. m o re i r a e males 25.0–27.0 mm SVL; Heyer 1985, as P. franciscae), snout narrower and more acuminate, and advertisement call with higher frequencies, without a set of notes, and with lower pulse rate (Heyer 1985, as P. f r a n ciscae; Heyer & Wolf 1989, as P. franciscae). Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. nanus by its larger size (P. nanus males 17.9–18.2 mm SVL, n = 5), eyes more prominent, chest more pigmented, belly orange (yellow in P. nanus, CFBH personal observation), and advertisement call with longer duration, lower frequencies, and without a set of notes (Haddad & Pombal 1998). Physalaemus atlanticus differs from P. s i g n i f e r by its slightly smaller size (P. s i g n i f e r males 20.7–25.3 mm SVL, n = 5), snout more acuminate, smaller black spot on inguinal glands, and advertisement call with higher frequencies and pulsed structure (Bokermann 1966; Wogel et al. 2002). Finally, Physalaemus atlanticus differs from the morphologically cryptic species P. spiniger (males 17.1–21.3 mm SVL, Haddad & Pombal 1998), by its distinct advertisement call with longer duration, lower frequencies, and lower pulse rate (pulse rate of 396 pulses/s in P. s p i n i g e r; C. F. B. Haddad unpublished data; Haddad & Pombal 1998). Description of holotype— Body robust (Fig. 1); head wider than long; snout rounded and protruding in dorsal and lateral views, respectively (Fig. 2 A, B); nostril slightly protuberant and directed laterally; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly curved; loreal region slightly concave; eye slightly protuberant; tympanum indistinct; distinct supratympanic fold from tympanic region to shoulder; narrow and weak dorsolateral fold extending from posterior corner of eye to inguinal region; males with subgular vocal sac expanded externally and extending to border of chest; vocal slits present; choanae small, nearly round; tongue narrow, long; vomerine teeth absent; maxillary and premaxillary teeth present. Arms slender, forearms robust; fingers short; brown nuptial pad on thumb; subarticular tubercles single, protruding and rounded; outer metacarpal tubercle large and ovoid; inner metacarpal tubercle mediumsized and nearly elliptical; supernumerary tubercles small; finger tips slightly expanded; finger lengths I IV <II <III (Fig. 2 C). Legs moderately robust; tibia longer than thigh; tarsal fold weakly developed; foot with an inner metatarsal tubercle slightly protruding and ovoid; outer metatarsal tubercle small, protruding, and rounded; well developed subarticular tubercles, single, protruding, and round to elliptical; toe tips slightly expanded; toe lengths I <II <V <III <IV (Fig. 2 D). Inguinal gland large; dorsal and ventral skin smooth. Color of the holotype in preservative— Dorsum light brown with a dark brown interorbital bar; on the shoulder there is a dark brown arrow pointing to the head followed by three branches starting at the posterior part of the arrow; the two lateral branches end over the black spots on the inguinal gland, and the middle branch ends before the cloaca, where it bifurcates; a white line on the dorsolateral fold; flanks below dorsolateral fold dark brown; forearm light brown, with dark brown stain; elbow dark brown; thigh, tibia, and foot light brown, similar to the color of dorsum; dark brown transverse bar on thigh, tibia, and tarsus; cloacal region and posterior surface of thigh dark brown; belly cream; chest and throat brown. Color in life of the holotype— Dorsum light brown; dorsal marks (interorbital bar and arrow) brown bordered by a whitish line; dark brown lateral stripe from posterior corner of eye through tympanic region to groin; groin orange; inguinal gland with two black spots; forearm, thigh, tibia, and foot light brown with a dark brown transverse bar; chest and throat dark brown with white spots; belly, axilla, and ventral surfaces of thigh, tibia, foot, and arm orange; anal region black; iris brown with dark brown reticulations. Measurements of the holotype (mm)— SVL 20.5, HL 5.8, HW 7.0, TD 1.1, ED 2.0, IOD 2.4, END 1.8, IND 1.8, THL 9.7, TBL 10.2, FL 10.3. Variation in the type series— The tympanum varies from indistinct to weakly distinct. Coloration of the dorsum varies from light brown to gray. Interorbital bar and arrowshaped mark sometimes with a narrow light border. In life and preservative, the dorsal marks are not evident in some specimens. Dorsal skin texture varies from smooth to slightly rugose. Females are significantly larger (P <0.037) than males. Forearms are slen der in females. Females lack vocal sac and vocal slits. Measurements of 10 males and eight females are presented in Table 1. Males (n = 10) Females (n = 8) Vocalizations— Advertisement calls are given frequently (approximately 48 calls/ min). The advertisement call is composed of one pulsed note with mean duration of 0.67 s (SD = 0.07, range = 0.6– 0.84 s, n = 17 vocalizations from 3 males) and with a mean of 82.3 pulses/call (SD = 8.0, range = 74–98, n = 12 vocalizations from 3 males); pulse rate about 122 pulses/s; pulse duration about 0.005 s; interpulse interval generally less than 0.005 s; the pulses generally are isolated, but some pulses are in pairs or trios; in the final part of the vocalization a mean number of 17.3 pulses (SD = 2.7, range = 13–21, n = 12 vocalizations from 3 males) are grouped. Frequency between approximately 0.9–1.8 kHz (Fig. 3 A–C). Two types of interactions were identified when two neighbor males were emitting advertisement calls: (1) synchronized alternation and (2) synchronized partial overlap (Fig. 3 C). In the first type a male intercalates its call in the interval between two calls of its neighbor; this is repeated up to five times before the second type starts. In the second type, a male superimposes the initial part of its calls to the final part of the calls of its neighbor; this interaction can be repeated 10 or more times in a series. The first type corresponded to 39 % and the second type to 61 % of the analyzed interactions (n = 33). Tadpoles— Larvae were obtained in ponds and from a foam nest collected at the type locality and reared in laboratory. The following description is based on five tadpoles (CFBH 6295) in developmental stage 37 (Gosner 1960). Body ovoid in dorsal and ventral views (4 A, C), depressed/globular in lateral view (Fig. 4 B); body wider than high; snout rounded; eyes small, dorsolateral; nostrils dorsal, small and rounded; nostrils about midway between the eyes and the tip of snout; spiracle sinistral, its opening posterior to the middle of body; cloacal tube medium sized, medial; caudal musculature slender; dorsal fin originating on body; dorsal fin wider than ventral fin. Oral disc directed ventrally, laterally indented, and bordered by one or two rows of small papillae, interrupted along a large area on the anterior labium; tooth row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1); jaw sheath strongly developed and serrate; posterior jaw sheath vshaped (Fig. 4 D). In preservative, dorsum pale brown; throat and belly transparent; caudal musculature with scattered pale brown pigmentation; fins transparent with scattered white dots. Five tadpoles in developmental stage 37 measured (range, average, SD): total length 19.2–21.2 (20.2, 0.89); body length 6.5–7.5 (7.01, 0.38); body height 3.2–3.9 (3.49, 0.24); body width 4.6–5.4 (5.01, 0.37); internarial distance 0.75–0.90 (0.82, 0.05); interorbital distance 1.1–1.3 (1.16, 0.11); eyenostril distance 0.6–0.7 (0.63, 0.03); eye diameter 0.8– 0.9 (0.8, 0.04). Newly metamorphosed individuals averaged 8.1 mm SVL (SD = 0.26, range = 7.8–8.4, n = 6). Distribution— Physalaemus atlanticus is known only from the municipality of Ubatuba, in the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. All the specimens collected and observed were near the sea shore at an altitude of 0–50m, associated with ponds or leaf litter from the coastal plain forest in the Atlantic rain forest. The restricted distribution of the new species is characteristic of other species in the P. signifer group (Heyer & Wolf 1989). Reproduction and natural history— Physalaemus atlanticus reproduces throughout the rainy season (October–February) near places on the forest floor subject to flooding. Males call at the edges of forest ponds, in most cases from under the leaf litter. The eggs are embedded in a foam nest built on the water surface and anchored to the margins of ponds or, alternatively, on the wet leaf litter near the ponds. Embryos develop within the foam mass, and exotrophic tadpoles develop in small ponds or rock crevices (see below). The mean number of eggs per foam nest is 80.9 (SD = 25.9, range = 51–124, n = 8). Eggs are unpigmented, with average diameter of 1.6 mm (SD = 0.13, range = 1.4–1.9 mm, n = 60 eggs from six clutches), and with thin capsules of about 1.7 mm in diameter. One egg clutch reared in laboratory from stage 1 (Gosner 1960) started to metamorphose after 23 days. We observed couples of P. atlanticus constructing foam nests within crevices atop the rocky seashore, close to the forest edge. The crevices held water throughout the rainy season and leaves and plant debris accumulated there, providing nourishment for microorganisms, immature aquatic phases of terrestrial insects, and presumably for the tadpoles as well. Besides tadpoles of Physalaemus atlanticus, we found tadpoles of the hylid Scinax hayi scraping on the plant debris within these microponds. We recorded as many as seven foam nests in a crevice about 60 cm long, 35 cm wide, and 20 cm deep. These were adherent to each other and formed a single large mass. On three occasions we observed two couples constructing their foam nests close to each other; both clutches adhered to each other at the end of the process. On a smaller crevice, a single male attracted two females on the same night, and the formed couples constructed two foam nests that adhered to each other. During the foam nest construction the male kicks his legs alternately while in amplexus with the female. We observed predation on Physalaemus atlanticus by snakes twice. A gravid female was found in the gut of an adult Liophis miliaris (Colubridae), and an adult male was observed while being swallowed by a juvenile Bothrops jararaca (Viperidae) at dawn. Etymology— The specific name, a Latinized adjective, refers to the habitat of the new species, the Atlantic rain forest in southeastern Brazil, where the new species may be found at the seashore.Published as part of Haddad, Célio F. B. & Sazima, Ivan, 2004, A new species of Physalaemus (Amphibia; Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 479 on pages 3-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15732
A Catch-all Leguminous Tree: Erythrina Velutina Visited And Pollinated By Vertebrates At An Oceanic Island
No full textSpecies of the pantropical genus Erythrina (Fabaceae) are visited by perching and/or hovering birds in the mainland. At the oceanic island of Fernando de Noronha, north-eastern Brazil, we found that Erythrina velutina Willd. blooms during the dry season and the flowers are visited by a small vertebrate assemblage. Flowers last 2 days and their stigmas remain receptive, although only first-day flowers produce nectar. Nectar is dilute and produced copiously. All terrestrial native vertebrates (three of them endemics), the dove Zenaida auriculata noronha, the perching birds Vireo gracilirostris and Elaenia ridleyana, and the lizard Euprepis atlanticus are regular visitors and pollinators. The features of E. velutina conform to those of passerine-pollinated species within the genus. Its nectar is a resource sought by the vertebrates, which visit the inflorescences from dawn to sunset. Since none of the visitors depends on nectar as a major food source, the flowers are likely to serve a dual purpose, i.e. water balance and energy intake, similarly to the findings for some Erythrina species in Neotropic and Palaeotropic mainlands. However, E. velutina is the only species within the genus that is visited and pollinated by doves and lizards. © CSIRO 2009.5712630Baker, H.G., Baker, I., Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type (1983) Handbook of experimental pollination biology, pp. 117-141. , Eds CE Jones, RJ Little pp, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company: New YorkBruneau, A., Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae) (1997) American Journal of Botany, 84, pp. 54-71. , doi: 10.2307/2445883Buzato, S., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Hummingbird pollinated floras at three Atlantic Forest sites (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 824-841Carleton, M.D., Olson, S.L., Amerigo Vespucci and the rat of Fernando de Noronha: A new genus and species of Rodentia (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) from a volcanic island off Brazil's continental shelf (1999) American Museum Novitates, 3256, pp. 1-59Eifler, D.A., Patterns of plant visitation by nectar-feeding lizards (1995) Oecologia, 101, pp. 228-233. , doi: 10.1007/BF00317288Etcheverry, A.V., Alemán, C.E.T., Reproductive biology of Erythrina falcata (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) (2005) Biotropica, 37, pp. 54-63Faegri, K., van der Pijl, L., (1980) The principles of pollination ecology, , Pergamon Press: Oxford, UKGaletto, L., Bernardello, G., Rewards in flowers. Nectar (2005) Practical pollination biology, pp. 261-313. , Eds A Dafni, Kevan, BC Husband pp, Enviroquest: Ontario, CanadaGasparini, J.L., Peloso, P.L., Sazima, I., New opportunities and hazards brought by humans to the island habitat of the skink Euprepis atlanticus (2007) Herpetological Bulletin, 100, pp. 30-32Kearns, C.A., Inouye, D.W., (1993) Techniques for pollination biologists, , University of Colorado Press: Niwot, COLehner, P.N., (1979) Handbook of ethological methods, , Garland STPM Press: New YorkMorton, E.S., Effective pollination of Erythrina fusca by the orchard oriole (Icterus spurius): Coevolved behavioral manipulation? (1979) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66, pp. 482-489. , doi: 10.2307/2398840Olesen, J.M., Valido, A., Lizards as pollinators and seed dispersers: An island phenomenon (2003) Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, pp. 177-181. , doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00004-1Olesen JM, Valido A (2004) Lizards and birds as generalized pollinators and seed dispersers of island plants. In 'Ecología insular/island ecology'. (Eds JM Fernández-Palacios, C Morici) pp. 229-249. (Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre: Cabildo Insular de la Palma, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria)Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R., Bell, C.R., (1974) Vascular plant systematics, , Harper and Row Publishing: New YorkRangaiah, K., Solomon Raju, A.J., Rao, S.P., Passerine bird-pollination in the Indian coral tree, Erythrina variegata var. orientalis (Fabaceae) (2004) Current Science, 87, pp. 736-739Sazima, I., Sazima, C., Sazima, M., Little dragons prefer flowers to maidens: A lizard that laps nectar and pollinates trees (2005) Biota Neotropica, 5, pp. 1-8. , doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032005000100018Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia brasileira, uma introdução, , Editora Nova Fronteira: Rio de JaneiroToledo, V.M., Hernández, H.M., Erythrina oliviae: A new case of oriole pollination in Mexico (1979) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 66, pp. 503-511. , doi: 10.2307/2398842Zeisler, M., Über die Abgrenzung der eigentlichen Narbenfläche mit Hilfe von Reaktionen. (1938) Beihefte zum Botanischen Zentralblatt, 58, pp. 308-31
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