10 research outputs found
FIGURE 22 in Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis
No full textFIGURE 22. Phylogenetic tree generated by Chaudhary et al. (2019) using maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of 18s rDNA sequence data of Pallisentis indica and related species. Tree modified from Chaudhary et al. (2019) to remove distance values and different branch lengths but retaining hypothesized phylogenetic relationships and to include the names of species associated with the sequences identified in the present work. Putative sub-genera (sensu Amin et al. 2000) indicated in color.Published as part of Gautam, Neelam Kumari, Misra, Pawan Kumar, Saxena, Anand Murari & Monks, Scott, 2020, Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis, pp. 139-156 in Zootaxa 4766 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376346
FIGURE 21 in Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis
No full textFIGURE 21. Single phylogenetic tree produced by the parsimony analysis of 18s rDNA sequences including the sequence of Pallisentis thapari n. sp., Acanthosentis seenghalae Chowhan, Gupta, Khera, 1988, and the sequences of the taxa downloaded from GenBank: names of species associated with sequences in the present work are included (see Table 1 for the taxon names given in GenBank). Putative sub-genera (sensu Amin et al. 2000) indicated in color.Published as part of Gautam, Neelam Kumari, Misra, Pawan Kumar, Saxena, Anand Murari & Monks, Scott, 2020, Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis, pp. 139-156 in Zootaxa 4766 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376346
Pallisentis thapari Gautam & Misra & Saxena & Monks 2020, n. sp.
No full textPallisentis thapari n. sp. (Figs. 1–8 and 15–18) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 294DD60F- 1233-47 D0-A85E-CDC3B24FABC1 Type host: Spotted snakehead Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) (Perciformes, Channidae). Type locality: Nabi Panah Pond, Malihabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India (26.5830° N, 80.4322° E). Additional host: Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) (Perciformes, Channidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Specimens deposited: Holotype deposited in Gangetic Plane Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Patna, India- male ZSI / GPRC, IV–4356a and allotype female ZSI / GPRC, IV–4356 b. Paratypes deposited at the Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, U.P., India- males LU /Z/2019/1– LU /Z/2019/07 and females LU /Z/2019/08– LU /Z/2019/014. Zoobank Registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 53DFA57F-4D6A-49DE- 8664-0C8B080C58E8 Etymology: The new species is named in honor of the late Dr. Gobind Singh Thapar, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India, for his outstanding contributions in Helminthology. Diagnosis: Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae, with characters of the genus Pallisentis as diagnosed by Amin et al. (2000). Worms cylindrical, relatively large sized, range of length of males and females overlapping but mean length of males slightly longer than females. Trunk with Y-shaped spines in rings, with anterior set of 14–17 closely spaced rings of collar spines and posterior set of 14–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines; posterior set reaching posteriorly only to mid body. Anterior and posterior sets of trunk spines separated by a narrow region lacking spines. Trunk spines conical with an optically-dense Y-shaped core. Proboscis short, broadly ovoid, wider anteriorly, with 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle single-walled, with cerebral ganglion located at base. Lemnisci cylindrical, much longer than the receptacle, posterior ends hanging loose in body cavity, about equal in length. In males, testes dollioform-depressed in shape (width to length ratio 1.0:3.3), contiguous and slightly overlapping. Cement gland oblong-very depressed in shape, width to length ratio 1:6, syncytial, about as long as testicular field, containing 23–30 giant nuclei. Cement reservoir and Saefftigen’s pouch present. Parasites of freshwater fishes in India. Description: Material examined: seven male and seven female specimens, and two specimens for SEM. Male. Worms relatively large in size (Fig. 1). Trunk 4.9–8.0 (6.6) mm long, 420–560 (484) µm a widest point. Anterior part of trunk (about 1/2) (Fig. 1) covered with 29–58 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (Figs. 1 and 16), number of spines per ring declining in numbers from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 15–17 closely spaced rings, each ring consisting of 12–22 spines, called collar spines, and posterior set of 21–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each anteriormost ring composed of 12–16 spines (Figs. 16 and 17). Area covered by collar spines 340–800 (457) long. Anterior and posterior groups of spines separated by narrow spine-free zone 100–180 (139) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–50 (47) long, 20–40 (30) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 230–280 (243) long, 220–260 (241.4) wide anteriorly (Figs. 1, 3 and 15). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (Fig. 3). Hooks longest in first circle, decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (Figs. 3, 4 and 15). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks from anterior to posterior, 100–130 (112), 80–110 (96), 40–70 (52), 30–50 (34); size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 150–290 (199) long, 160–290 (213) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 340–890 (547) long by 130–220 (161) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and almost equal sized; right lemniscus 730–2450 (1560) long, 40–60 (52) wide posteriorly, left lemniscus 1200–2450 (1625) long, 40–60 (52) wide. Reproductive system in posterior half of trunk. Testes dollioform-depressed in shape, contiguous with slight overlap. Anterior testis 440–720 (521) long, 140–210 (161) wide; posterior testis 440–730 (53) long, 140–220 (167) wide. Cement gland contiguous with testes, about size of testicular field, 680–1550 (1061) long by 130–240 (180) wide, containing 23–30 nuclei. Cement reservoir contiguous with cement gland, branching posteriorly into two ducts, 550–1070 (824) long, 140–230 (184) wide. Saefftigen’s pouch obdeltoid/very narrowly spatulate in shape, 160–340 (272) long, 130–200 (17) wide anteriorly. Seminal vesicle 400–800 (596) long, 70–140 (104) wide. Gonopore terminal (Figs. 1 and 2). Bursa, when extended (Figs. 1, 2 and 18), 200–300 (183) long and 100–240 (164) wide. Female. Worms slightly smaller in size than males (Fig. 6). Trunk 4.0–7.7 (6.3) mm long, 490–590 µm (503) µm at widest point.Anterior part of trunk (approximately anterior half) (Fig. 6) covered with 30–41 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (Fig. 5), number of spines per ring declining in number from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 14–15 closely spaced rings, called collar spines, each ring composed of 16–26 spines and posterior set of 14–40 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each ring made up of 12–24 spines. Length of trunk covered by collar spines 430–570 (530) long. Spine-free zone narrow 100–190 (147) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–51 (48) long, 20–40 (31) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 180–260 (213) long, 190–250 (220) wide anteriorly (Fig. 6). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (Fig. 6). Hooks longest in first circle, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (Figs. 6). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks of proboscis of paratype female, from anterior to posterior, 140, 120, 70, 40; size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 170–460 (296) long, 160–240 (197) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 440–840 (643) long, 80–250 (173) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and equal in size, 1,600 –2,600 (2,110 ± 500.0) long, 40–60 (53) wide posteriorly. Reproductive system in posterior end of trunk, uterine bell cylindrical shaped, 240–330 (280) long and 50–110 (78) wide (Fig. 7). Uterus 50–260 (110) long, 30–110 (63) wide. Vagina 30–90 (53.3 ± 20.7) long, 30–50 (38.3 ± 9.8) wide. Ovarian balls present in some females, 40–80 (59) long, 20–60 (41) wide. Eggs 15–20 (18) long, 10–10 wide (Fig. 8) (width to length ratio about 2:3). Gonopore ventro-terminal (Figs. 6 and 7). Remarks: Amin et al. (2000) re-described Pallisentis and provided a more detailed diagnosis for the genus. The new species is placed in Pallisentis because it has an anterior set of closely arranged rings of collar spines (15–17 rings) and a posterior set of more widely spaced rings of trunk spines (14–41) separated from the collar spines by a region lacking spines. Giant hypodermal nuclei are present in the trunk wall, the proboscis is broadly ovoid in shape with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks in each, and the proboscis receptacle is single-walled with the cerebral ganglion located near the base. The lemnisci are much longer than the receptacle, and the syncytial cement gland is long (about as long as the testicular field) with many giant nuclei. The new species is placed in this genus because it shares these characters. If the subgenera of Pallisentis established by Amin et al. (2000) is accepted, P. thapari n. sp. is similar to species previously assigned to the subgenus P. (Pallisentis) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc, and Doanh, 2000 because the longest hooks are in first circle and the hooks of succeeding circles decrease in size posteriorly (Amin et al. 2000). The new species can be distinguished from all known species of Pallisentis because the trunk spines do not extend to the posterior end of either sex, the proboscis hooks in first circles are more than 100 long, and the average length of the proboscis receptacle is more than 500 long. Pallisentis thapari n. sp. is most similar in form to P. clupei Gupta and Gupta, 1979); the length of the first hook in both is about 100, but P. clupei is reported to have conical trunk spines and the new species has spines with a Yshaped core (Gupta & Gupta 1979). In P. clupei, the number of circles of collar spines (12–13 circles in males and 13–14 in females) is similar bit less than that of the new species (15–17 in males and 14–15 in females), although the number of spines per circle in males of P. clupei overlaps with that of the new species (14–20 spines vs. 12–22, respectively). The number of circles of trunk spines in males in both species overlaps (P. clupei 28–30; P. thapari n. sp. 21–41), but the number of circles of trunk spines in females of P. clupei (61) is greater than for females of the new species (14–40). The number of trunk spines in P. clupei and that of the new species also overlaps (males 8–16; females 10–16 vs. males 12–16; females 12–24, respectively). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from P. clupei in that the trunk spines of the new species extend only to mid-body but they extend to the posterior end in P. clupei. The number of spines in each circle of trunk spines in P. clupei (8–16 in males and 10–16 in females) is less than in P. thapari n. sp. (12–16 in males and 12–24) in females, although there is some overlap in range. Finally, in males, the size and position of testes and the size of the cement gland are similar in P. clupei (1390–1550 long) and the new species (680–1550 long), but in P. clupei there are 9–16 giant nuclei in the cement gland and that of the new species has 23–30 nuclei. Seven species of Pallisentis have been reported to have spines that are Y-shaped (Amin et al. 2000; Gautam et al. 2019): P. basiri Farooqi, 1958; P. cavasii Gupta and Verma, 1980; P. fasciata Gupta and Verma, 1980; P. guptai Gupta and Fatma, 1986; P. indica Mithal and Lai, 1981; P. mehrai Gupta and Fatma, 1986; P. panadei Rai, 1967; and P. unnaoensis Gautam, Misra, and Saxena, 2019 (Farooqi 1958; Rai 1967; Gupta & Verma 1980; Mithal & Lal 1981; Gupta & Fatma 1986; Gautam et al. 2019). In some species the spines are more flattened and evidence of the Y-shape core can be seen externally (Gautam et al. 2019). In the new species the spines are conical but with the Yshaped core (Figs. 5 and 17). Comparisons among species of Pallisentis are difficult because many of the type specimens are not available and one must rely on descriptions in the literature. However, the new species can be distinguished from the abovementioned species by various features. Pallisentis thapari n. sp. is larger than P. cavasii, P. fasciata, and P. unnaoensis (4.9–8.0 mm vs. 2.1–3.0, 2.9–4.0, and 3.4–4.4, respectively) and the new species has more nuclei in the cement gland (23–30 vs. 6–8, 8–10, and 7–8, respectively), and the proboscis hooks of the first row of the new species are longer (100–130) than those of P. cavasii (50–51), P. fasciata (60–70), and P. panadei (70–50) and they are shorter than those of P. unnaoensis (220). The hooks in the first row of the new species and those of P. basiri are about the same size (approximately 100), but the roots of the hooks of the new species are elongate and those of P. basiri are described as being knob-like (Amin et al. 2000). The cement gland of males of the new species is longer than that of P. guptai (680–1550 vs. 500–580, respectively) and the number of nuclei is greater (28–30 vs. 10–12, respectively). Males of the new species have more nuclei in the cement gland than those of P. indica (23–30 vs. 9–18) (Amin et al. 2017a). The trunk spines of the new species reach posteriorly only to about mid-body but those of P. mehrai reach to the posterior end in both males and females. Finally, in results of the molecular analysis, P. unnaoensis is the sister taxa to the clade comprised of the three specimens of the new species. The new species is similar to P. unnaoensis in the number of rings and spines per ring of collar and trunk spines, but the cement gland is longer in the new species (680–1550 vs. 380–520) and the number of nuclei in the cement gland is greater (23–30 vs. 7–8).Published as part of Gautam, Neelam Kumari, Misra, Pawan Kumar, Saxena, Anand Murari & Monks, Scott, 2020, Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis, pp. 139-156 in Zootaxa 4766 (1) on pages 141-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376346
Two New Trematodes of Family Acanthocolpidae Luhe, 1906 From Marine Fish Leiognathus Daura (Cuvier) from the Coast of Puri, Orissa, India
No full textBackground: Genus Acanthocolpus (Trematoda: Acanthocolpiidae) is one of the most important zoonotic digenean with wide geographic distribution in the world. The purpose of the present study was to describe morphological and morphometrical characteristics of Acanthocolpus species, currently prevalent in marine fish fauna of Puri coast, Orissa, India.Methods: Gastro-intestinal organs of Leiognathus daura (Cuvier) in Puri coast, Orissa, India, were examined for infectivity with digenean trematode species. For examination and measurements of helminthes, acetoalum carmine staining was performed, followed by camera Lucida drawings of morphological characters and measurements of morphometrical criteria with a calibrated microscope. Using valid trematode systematic keys, almost all the parasites were identified at the level of species.Results: Overall, 36 marine fishes were found infected with at least one species of Acanthocolpus. Considering morphological characteristics of Acanthocolpus, two species were identified as new species including Acanthocolpus durghai sp.nov. and Acanthocolpus amrawatai sp.nov.Conclusion: During the survey of helminth parasites, collected six different species of the genus Acanthocolpus, out of these two are new species, another is redescribed to show certain variation, the new parasite was obtain from the intestine of marine fish Leiognathus daura (Cuvier
Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the Intestine of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) from the River Gomti at Lucknow, India
No full textBackground: Acanthocephalans are fish parasites of worldwide distribu-tion, penetrate their thorny proboscis into the intestinal wall of host and absorb nutrients. No diagnostic tool is available except postmortem inves-tigations and identification by parasitologists. The aim of present study was to explore and assign taxonomical status to Pallisentis species prevalent in food fishes of river Gomti, Lucknow, India.
Methods:A survey of fishes of river Gomti was carried out during the year 2011-2013. Acanthocephalans recovered from the intestine of Channa punctatus were kept in refrigerator for eversion of proboscis, fixed in A.F.A. fixative (50% alcohol, formalin and acetic acid in ratio of 100: 6: 2.5) for 24 hours further preserved in 70% ethanol. Camera Lucida diagrams of acetoalum carmine stained permanent mounts were made for morphomet-ric studies.
Results:Two new species of genus Pallisentis were identified and named as P. channai n. sp. and P. vinodai n. sp., their taxonomical status is based on major characters of proboscis hooks, spines of collar and trunk region, ce-ment gland nuclei. On average 9 fishes were found infected with Pallisentis spp. out of 60 fishes examined randomly.
Conclusion:Pallisentis spp. are important parasitic infection in Channidae fishes with the prevalence rate of 15%. Two new species of Pallisentis recog-nized from Channa punctatus of river Gomti, Lucknow, India and diagnostic features of genus are given
Pharmacological safe dose assessment of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves extract according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 420 standards
No full text23-32Mangifera indica Linn. leaves extract owns various medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study is to find out the safe oral dose of ethanolic extract of M. indica leaves on Swiss albino mice for pharmacological purpose. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline 420 was followed to assess the acute oral toxicity. M. indica leaf extract was administered in a dose dependent manner orally at dosages of 50-, 300-, and 2000- mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.) in the sighting study, with one animal used for each dosage. Based on the sighting study, the highest dose of 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. of M. indica leaves extract was selected for the main study. Continuous monitoring for successive 14 days was done for any behavioural sign of toxicity. Body weight and relative organ weight and biochemical parameters were assessed, and gross necropsy was performed on 15th day. Further, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, kidney and testes was performed. The body weight was significantly increased in both studies without any major changes in relative organ weight (ROW), and histology of H&E-stained tissues, wherein no obvious signs of toxicity and mortality were seen. The results of this study suggest that the M. indica leaves extract can be categorized as unclassified according to the Globally Harmonised Classification System for chemical substances and mixtures. Therefore, our study concludes that ethanolic extract of M. indica leaves less than 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. can be considered safe for traditional therapeutic uses
Genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the dietary consumption of repeatedly heated coconut oil
No full textRepeated heating of vegetable oils at high temperatures during cooking is a very common cooking practice. Repeated heating of edible oils can generate a number of compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which have been reported to have carcinogenic potential. Consumption of these repeatedly heated oils can pose a serious health hazard. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of repeatedly heated coconut oil (RCO), which is one of the commonly consumed cooking and frying medium. The PAH were analysed using HPLC in fresh CO, single-heated CO (SCO) and RCO. Results revealed the presence of certain PAH, known to possess carcinogenic potential, in RCO when compared with SCO. Oral intake of RCO in Wistar rats resulted in a significant induction of aberrant cells (P < 0·05) and micronuclei (P < 0·05) in a dose-dependent manner. Oxidative stress analysis showed a significant (P < 0·05) decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase with a concurrent increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the liver. In addition, RCO given alone and along with diethylnitrosamine for 12 weeks induced altered hepatic foci as noticed by alteration in positive (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and negative (adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) hepatospecific biomarkers. A significant decrease in the relative and absolute hepatic weight of RCO-supplemented rats was recorded (P < 0·05). In conclusion, dietary consumption of RCO can cause a genotoxic and preneoplastic change in the liver.</jats:p
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Trichosanthes cucumerina, Momordica charantia var muricata and Luffa acutangula
No full textBackground—TC, LA and MCM plants(family: Cucurbitaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine and are important sources of vegetables in the world [...
In silico CD4+, CD8+ T-cell and B-cell immunity associated immunogenic epitope prediction and HLA distribution analysis of Zika virus
Full text linkZika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus distributed all over Africa, South America and Asia. The infection with the virus may cause acute febrile sickness that clinically resembles dengue fever, yet there is no vaccine, no satisfactory treatment, and no means of evaluating the risk of the disease or prognosis in the infected people.In the present study, the efficacy of the host’s immune response in reducing the risk of infectious diseases was taken into account to carry out immuno-informatics driven epitope screening strategy of vaccine candidates against ZIKV. In this study, HLA distribution analysis was done to ensure the coverage of the vast majority of the population.
Systematic screening of effective dominant immunogens was done with the help of Immune Epitope &
ABCPred databases. The outcomes suggested that the predicted epitopes may be protective immunogens with highly conserved sequences and bear potential to induce both protective neutralizing antibodies, T & B cell responses.
A total of 25 CD4+ and 16 CD8+ peptides were screened for T-cell mediated immunity. The predicted
epitope "TGLDFSDLYYLTMNNKHWLV" was selected as a highly immunogenic epitope for humoral immunity. These peptides were further screened as non-toxic, immunogenic and non-mutated residues of envelop viral protein. The predicted epitope could work as suitable candidate(s) for peptide based vaccine development. Further, experimental validation of these epitopes is warranted to ensure the potential of B- and T-cells stimulation for their efficient use as vaccine candidates, and as diagnostic agents against ZIKV
Pharmacological safe dose assessment of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves extract according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 420 standards
Full text linkMangifera indica Linn. leaves extract owns various medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study is to find out the safe oral dose of ethanolic extract of M. indica leaves on Swiss albino mice for pharmacological purpose. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline 420 was followed to assess the acute oral toxicity. M. indica leaf extract was administered in a dose dependent manner orally at dosages of 50-, 300-, and 2000- mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.) in the sighting study, with one animal used for each dosage. Based on the sighting study, the highest dose of 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. of M. indica leaves extract was selected for the main study. Continuous monitoring for successive 14 days was done for any behavioural sign of toxicity. Body weight and relative organ weight and biochemical parameters were assessed, and gross necropsy was performed on 15th day. Further, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, kidney and testes was performed. The body weight was significantly increased in both studies without any major changes in relative organ weight (ROW), and histology of H&E-stained tissues, wherein no obvious signs of toxicity and mortality were seen. The results of this study suggest that the M. indica leaves extract can be categorized as unclassified according to the Globally Harmonised Classification System for chemical substances and mixtures. Therefore, our study concludes that ethanolic extract of M. indica leaves less than 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. can be considered safe for traditional therapeutic uses
