3,007 research outputs found
Telling Friend from Foe: Listeners Are Unable to Identify In-Group and Out-Group Members from Heard Laughter
Full text linkGroup membership is important for how we perceive others, but although perceivers can accurately infer group membership from facial expressions and spoken language, it is not clear whether listeners can identify in- and out-group members from non-verbal vocalizations. In the current study, we examined perceivers' ability to identify group membership from non-verbal vocalizations of laughter, testing the following predictions: (1) listeners can distinguish between laughter from different nationalities and (2) between laughter from their in-group, a close out-group, and a distant out-group, and (3) greater exposure to laughter from members of other cultural groups is associated with better performance. Listeners (n = 814) took part in an online forced-choice classification task in which they were asked to judge the origin of 24 laughter segments. The responses were analyzed using frequentist and Bayesian statistical analyses. Both kinds of analyses showed that listeners were unable to accurately identify group identity from laughter. Furthermore, exposure did not affect performance. These results provide a strong and clear demonstration that group identity cannot be inferred from laughter
Apples and oranges: Three criteria for positive emotion typologies
Full text linkPositive emotion typologies, that is, classifications of positiveemotions into conceptually distinct categories or ‘types’ according to their properties, can clarify and simplify thecomplex structure of positive emotion space. In this review, we introduce three key evaluative criteria for such typologies: comprehensiveness, distinctiveness, and granularity.Comprehensiveness is the degree to which the typology accurately represents the boundaries of positive emotionspace; distinctiveness is whether emotional states are clustered on the basis of a consistent aspect of emotion; and granularity is the level of nuance and detail in categorization.These criteria provide standards by which the quality of existing typologies can be judged, as well as guiding the development of new typologies. Multiple valid and useful positive emotion typologies can be described; these criteria can guide scholars in selecting the typology that best suits their needsHuman-Centered DesignDesign Aesthetic
Design metrics for evaluating the propulsive efficiency of future ships
No full textThere is an increasing need for the ship design process to take account of environmental issues such as the emission of greenhouse gases and the likely extension of a carbon dioxide charging mechanism to international shipping. These issues, together with the need for economic viability, provide further incentives to improve the efficiency of propulsion of ships. The main components of powering are firstly reviewed. Individual components and other power saving devices are identified which should contribute to improvements in the overall efficiency of propulsion. Suitable design metrics and procedures, taking into account economic and environmental factors, are recommended for the design of future ships
Brief note: some observations on oscillating tangential forces and wear in general plane contacts
Full text linkFor general plane contact of elastically similar materials, including cases where there are multiple regions of contact, general properties of the partial slip solution for conditions of constant normal force and monotonically increasing shearing force have been found recently by the first author. An extension is given here to cover the unloading and cyclic loading cases. Further, it is shown that, if the tangential load varies between two fixed limits, the region of stick does not change, even if relative microslip causes wear, changing continuously the profile of the indenter. The contact area will change, but wear will not enter the original region of adhesion. The theoretical limit to which wear will eventually, asymptotically proceed is established, viz. almost complete contact over what is the initial stick zone, although it may, in practice, take a long time to reach this state
Comment: Evidence for basicness from noise-like interjections of emotions
Full text linkGoddard (2014) proposes a three-partite division of emotive interjections, which is helpful in delineating this heterogeneous set of phenomena. The distinction also explains inconsistencies between Goddard’s and previous findings: While his study demonstrates variability across languages in word-like primary interjections, previous work investigating noise-like interjections has found evidence for universality. Such cross-culturally consistent, categorical perception of emotional signals can be explained as emerging from bottom-up information without the need for top-down learning via language or interjections
What are ‘positive’ affect and emotion?
Full text linkPositive affect and emotion have become major topics in behavioral science, of growing importance in basic and applied research. A broad review of the literature reveals multiple, theoretically distinct constructs associated with the terms ‘positive affect’ and ‘positive emotion,’ sometimes conflated across this body of work. This article differentiates three primary constructs — subjectively pleasant affect; approach or appetitive motivation; and emotion states evoked by opportunities and rewards in the environment — and summarizes the major theoretical perspective with which each is intertwined. While these versions of positivity often coincide in lived emotional experience, we highlight examples of divergence, and discuss dynamic ways in which they influence each other. Distinct cognitive, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms by which each version of positivity may produce downstream effects are discussed, as is the importance of selecting and operationalizing the target construct with care in both basic affective science and translational research.Accepted Author ManuscriptHuman-Centered DesignDesign Aesthetic
The description of Kabarda by D.A. Milutin in the context of the cauсasus version of russian orien-talism foundation
Full text linkThe paper pertains to the analysis of a manuscript authored by D.A. Milutin in the first half of the 19th century, regarding the region of Kabarda. This manuscript, hitherto unpublished in academic circles, has been the subject of our examination. Our endeavor was to uncover the utilization of orientalist clichés by the manuscript's author, in order to depict both the geographical delineations of this ethno-political entity and the ethnography, livelihood, societal structure, and customary legal norms of its inhabitants. A remarkable parallel can be observed between certain aspects of the manuscript and the ideas propounded by E. Said in his discourse on European Orientalism. The researcher drew a comparison between the political framework and traditions of the Kabardian people and those prevalent in Europe. Moreover, the researcher romanticized the region's historical past, employing the conceptof "reverse human progress," along with other typical methodologies embraced by Orientalist thinkers of that era. Concomitantly, D.A. Milutin provided detailed descriptions of the political, social, and everyday existence in Kabarda, thereby endowing the manuscript with an intrinsic value as an original historical and cultural resource for contemporary scholars. It is concluded that, similar to numerous analogous texts produced by Orientalist scholars, the significance of D.A. Milutin's man-uscript lies not in its political arguments concerning the military and economic dominion of the Russian Empire over the Caucasian peoples, or the imperative to extend colonial governance to these ethnic territorie
Elements of Ethnotaxonomy in Dhule and Nandurbar Districts (Maharashtra)
Full text linkDhule and Nandurbar districts of Maharashtra are mainly inhabited by tribals and rural folks. The author’s ethnobotanical and floristic forays in these districts brought out certain elements of ethnotaxonomy like ethnotaxonomic markers, classifications, principles of nomenclature and exomorphic features. The facts gathered indicated that the people in the area are fairly flooded with reckonable elements of ethnotaxonomy. And 22 ethnotaxonomic markers are identified. These are evaluated and discussed pertinently in this paper.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Post Graduate Department of Botany, S.S.V.P.S’s L.K. P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424005 (Maharashtra), India*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected] Cite This Article As: D.A. Patil. 2010. Elements of Ethnotaxonomy in Dhule and Nandurbar Districts (Maharashtra). J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(3): 18-25
Cultural norms influence non-verbal emotion communication: Japanese vocalizations of socially disengaging emotions
Full text linkNonverbal vocalizations of some emotions have been found to be recognizable both within and across cultures. However, East Asians tend to suppress socially disengaging emotions because of interdependent views on self-other relationships. Here we tested the possibility that norms in interdependent cultures around socially disengaging emotions may influence nonverbal vocal communication of emotions. Specifically, we predicted that East Asians’ vocalizations of socially disengaging emotions would be less recognizable to Westerners than those of other emotions. To test this hypothesis, we performed a balanced cross-cultural experiment in which 30 Dutch and 30 Japanese listeners categorized and rated Dutch and Japanese vocalizations expressing nine emotions including anger and triumph, two socially disengaging emotions. The only condition for which recognition performance failed to exceed chance level was Dutch listeners’ judgments of Japanese anger vocalizations, p = .302. The magnitude of the in-group advantage (i.e., enhanced recognition accuracy when producer and perceiver cultures match) was also largest for Japanese anger vocalizations out of all the 18 conditions investigated, p < .001. The second largest in-group advantage was obtained for Japanese triumph vocalizations, p < .001. In addition, Dutch listeners rated Japanese vocalizations of anger and triumph as less intense, negative/positive, and aroused than did Japanese listeners, ps < .001. Taken together, these findings suggest that East Asian-specific cultural norms of interpersonal relationships are associated with specificity in nonverbal vocal communication of socially disengaging emotions, especially anger, to the point that some signals can only be understood by individuals who are culturally familiar with them
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