1,721,076 research outputs found
Data for: “John F. Kennedy,” in: Leaders at war: How presidents shape military interventions
No full textThis project was originally published as an Active Citation Compilation, a precursor toAnnotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI). It has now been converted to the ATI format. The assembled project can be viewed at: https://qdr.syr.edu/atipaper/john-f-kennedy
Project Summary
The broader study provides a framework for understanding when and why great powers seek to transform foreign institutions and societies through military interventions. It highlights a crucial but often-overlooked factor in international relations: the role of individual leaders. The book develops and tests a theory that explains how leaders shape both the decision to intervene and the choice of intervention strategy. It argues that leaders’ threat perceptions – specifically, whether they believe that the internal characteristics of other states are the ultimate source of threats – influence how they prepare for and confront intervention choices, especially the degree to which they try to use intervention to remake the domestic institutions of target states. The study concentrates on United States military interventions during the Cold War, allowing the author to focus on the role of leaders by holding constant the structure of the international system as well as domestic institutions. Furthermore, one might expect a particularly strong consensus about the nature of threats during the Cold War, making it a relatively easy case for realist approaches and a harder test for a theory based on causal beliefs. The empirical core of the book concentrates on three US presidents: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. The variation in these three presidents’ causal beliefs provides strong analytical leverage in testing the theory. To refute the notion that beliefs are merely justifications for action, and to avoid conflating beliefs and behavior, the author uses archival and historical evidence from the pre-presidential period to show that each president held his beliefs prior to confronting crises and even prior to taking office. After demonstrating the importance of leaders during the Cold War period, the study also explores the theory’s applicability to other historical and contemporary settings, including the post-Cold War period and the war in Iraq.
Data Abstract
The data were collected primarily during two research trips to the Kennedy Library in 2006 and 2008 and cover the Cold War period. The archival evidence itself mainly focuses on the coding of the independent variable, leaders’ beliefs. Since this variable is measured in the pre-presidential period, most of the archival sources used are drawn from pre-presidential collections at the presidential libraries. (The dependent variables – the decision to intervene and the choice of intervention strategy – are measured primarily using published primary sources and secondary sources, since many of the cases have a rich set of published sources and secondary literatures.) The pre-presidential collections, from which the shared sources are primarily derived, differ from the presidential papers in significant ways across the three presidencies, and do not conform to the same standards used to maintain papers in a modern presidency because, of course, the papers were generated and catalogued before it was known that each man would ascend to the presidency. Kennedy’s pre-presidential papers are, however, a very rich source for measuring his foreign policy attitudes and include travel diaries, personal letters, and speech drafts.
Files Description
For most archival-based citations, images for every page of the sources referenced in the citation are available; the few exceptions include items such as diaries, only specific pages of which are copied.
Logic of Annotation and Activation
The goal of this pilot project is to give access to the archival sources cited in the book, subject to permissions. The intention is to allow the reader to view sources that could only be obtained in an archive, to see additional context and make a judgment about whether the inference is appropriate. Since this pilot is focused on archival documents and reducing the transaction costs associated with viewing archival sources, the author has only activated footnotes referring to archival sources and believes that the resources of standard university libraries and the Web provide reasonably ready access to the balance of the materials. One of the motivations for this pilot was to demonstrate the feasibility of using an existing system of organization, which the author employed while conducting the original research, to transfer these images to the QDR for depositing and for activation. The documents were captured using a digital camera and had already been organized in digital format. Because one of the main motivations was to show how scholars could leverage their existing systems to transfer data relatively easily, the author has not retroactively annotated citations. The author has included two types of data that did not appear in the endnotes to the book, however: (1) folder titles for each archival source (cut from the final manuscript for reasons of space); (2) transcriptions of portions of some documents, which the author produced while processing the archival material, winnowing the evidence, and writing up the results. Not every endnote or inference will have transcriptions, however. In many cases the author transcribed documents before making an actual inference, and transcribed more than was ultimately quoted or cited. The transcriptions are retained for the reader’s information (and to make some documents, such as handwritten diary entries, easier to read). Furthermore, one of the additional motivations for the pilot is to demonstrate how the QDR and active citation might work in cases where permissions allow the posting of full documents, so the documents are the focus and the transcriptions are simply “extra” data. Although some sources may not have transcriptions, this says nothing about their value and they will still have images for the underlying data. While the logics of activation and annotation depart somewhat from the current active citation standard, this pilot is intended to demonstrate that a significant degree of transparency can be achieved within the limits of feasibility by leveraging existing practices.</p
Replication Data for: Leaders, Advisers, and the Political Origins of Elite Support for War
No full textReplication data and code for JCR paper
Replication Data for: Leaders, Advisers, and the Political Origins of Elite Support for War
No full textReplication data and code for JCR paper
Alien Registration- Saunders, Elizabeth A. (Belfast, Waldo County)
Full text linkhttps://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/4125/thumbnail.jp
Data for: The ratification premium: Hawks, doves, and arms control
No full textThis appendix contains images for all archival documents from the Jimmy Carter Library cited in “The Ratification Premium.”
All document images are included courtesy of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. We are grateful to Sara Mitchell, Brittany Paris, and Charles Stokley for their assistance at the Carter Library, and to Brendan Green for sharing additional images
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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