1,721,101 research outputs found
Assimilation patterns in cities
No full textDo ethnic minority individuals assimilate to the majority’s norm or reject it – by trading off higher productivity and wages with a greater social distance to their culture of origin? We develop a model in which “oppositional” ethnic minority individualsresideinmoresegregatedareas,haveworseoutcomes(intermsofincome) but are not necessarily worse off in terms of welfare than assimilated ethnic minority individuals who live in less segregated areas. A policy that reduces transportation cost decreases rather than increases assimilation in cities. When there are more productivity spillovers between the two groups, ethnic minority individuals are more likely not to assimilate and to reject the majority’s norm. Finally, we show that ethnic minority individuals tend to assimilate more in bigger and more expensive cities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
<Articles>The Formation of Rikken Shogo 立券荘号
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり本稿では、立券の語義の変遷を八世紀から一三世紀まで跡付け、土地所有形態の変遷と荘園制の成立について論じた。 第一、八世紀〜九世紀後半。土地を売買する際には官司(国司・郡司など) の認可を得ることが必要であった。立券は官司が認可を与えた売買契約文書を作ることを意味した。売買契約文書は土地を売却する者が官司に立券を申請するという書式を取っている。しかし実際は土地を買得する者が立券のために活動した。 第二，九世紀末～一一世紀末。売買の際に官司の認可を得ることは行われなくなる。それとともに立券は、売買・譲与などで新しく土地を取得した者が郡司・刀禰の認可を得る手続きを意味するようになる。在地しない貴族等が土地を取得した時、所有権の保証を得て土地経営を安定化するために、郡司・．刀禰に取得したことを通告した。所有者の代りにその庇護者が立券に介入することもあった。また、土地に課される税の免除を求めるなどの特別な事情がある場合(特に荘園の場合) は国司を介して郡司に通告された。 第三、一一世紀末～一三世紀中期っ立券は荘園を設立する手続きを意味するようになる。立券の主体は郡司．・刀禰から官使．院使や在庁官人へ移る。立券の具体的作業は、(1)土地調査である検注や、(2)荘園の境界に膀示と呼ばれる木製の標識を立てることが行われた。一二世紀中期までは(1)に重点が置かれ、それ以後は(2)が重視された。天皇・院の認可を得ていることが荘園の要件になり、荘園は統治組織として公的地位を得るようになる。こうして荘園制が完成する。その後、一三世紀中期以降になると立券は行われなくなり、荘園制は新しい段階へと移行する。In this article, the author traces the changing meaning of rikken 立券 from the 8th to the 13th centuries and considers changes in the possession of estates and the formation of the shoen 荘園 system. The first period was from the 8th century to the latter half of the 9th century. Those who dealt in estates had to obtain the sanction from the provincial administrators called kokushi 国司 and gunzi 郡司. Rikken meant that the officers gave their sanction to the sale of estates and drew up their contract notes. It prescribed that the seller should petition rikken, but actually the buyer requested it. The second period was from the end of the 9th century to end of the 11th century. At that time, the officers ceased to sanction dealings in real estate. Instead, rikken came to mean the necessary procedure for those who aquired estates for the first time by purchase or transfers to gain the sanction of a gunzi or a tone 刀禰, a man of high repute in the village. When nobles and Buddhist priests living in the country aquired estates far from their home, they informed a gunzi or a tone of their aquisition to gain a guarantee of their holdings and to make secure their management of their lands. On the other hand, ordinary people's right of estates possession was recognized in day-to-day social relations, and so they did not go through these procedures except in unusual cases. Interceding for estate owners, some guardians ordered rikken procedures, and gunzi were told to take rikken procedures by a kokushi when the owner had some special reason, for example, if he asked for the right of exemption from taxes put on his estate, especially in his shoen. Their exclusive right of exemption from taxes was examined every time a kokushi was relieved, at which time it was necessary that they had taken rikken procedure. The third period was from the end of the 11th century to the middle of the 13th century. Rikken at that time meant the procedure taken when people set up their shoen. It was not a gunzi or a tone but messengers of an emperor or retired emperor and local officials who were local men of stading that gave their sanction, and shoen began to recieve official recognition as a government. There were two concrete operations of rikken. One was the investigation of lands, called kenchu 検注, and the other was to erect wooden landmarks called boji 牓示 on the border line of shoen. The former was important untill the middle of the 13th century and afterwards the latter was given more emphasis. But in the middle of the 13th century, rikken came to an end. The definition of shoen had changed, and it became necessary to obtain an emperor's or retired emperor's sanction Additionally, shoen organization began to take the place of the local administrative organization, kokuga 国衙. When they set up shoen, the owners did not send their own messengers, instead those of an emperor or retired emperor went to the spot and went through rikken procedures with local officers. The emperors decided the territory of shoen and gave many kinds of special rights ; problems within the shoen were left to the owner. The shoen system was established in this way, and after the middle of the 13th century, it entered a new stage
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
<Articles>Cadastral Surveys 検田 in the Provinces during the Heian Period
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり平安時代に国司が行った土地調査である検田について、まず、一一世紀を中心として三種類の帳簿を検討した。(1)馬上帳は検田使が野外で書き取る帳簿で、郡ごとに作られた。条里坪方式で坪ごとに耕地の作付状況や収穫状況、耕作者、課税の有無が記されている。(2)検田目録は馬上帳を基にして作られる田数の集計簿である。(1)(2)の作成過程で荘園領主の持つ免税証が審査される。(1)(2)は毎年作るべきものであるが、実際には国司の初任年に限られていた。(3)負田検田帳は徴税単位である負田(名) ごとに、作付された田数を条里坪方式で示した帳簿で、毎年作られて検田所の監査を受けた。(3)は負田ごとの課税される田数を算定するとともに、負田の納税額を決済する時にも使用された。ついで、一一世紀の検田手続は令制下の作柄調査をもとに一〇世紀後半に形成され、一二世紀に国司の初任検注へと変化していくことについて論じた。In my investigation of kenden, i.e. cadastral surveys carried out by provincial governors in the Heian period, I have examined three kinds of records, with an emphasis on 11th century. The bajocho 馬上帳 were registers drawn up in each district by kendenshi 検田使 who took records out in the field. For each tsubo坪of the jorisei 条里制 land measurement system, they recorded the condition of cultivation and of the harvest, the name of the cultivator, and the liability or exemption of the land for tax purposes. The kenden mokuroku 検田目録, which were records of the total area of paddy fields, were then written up on the basis of these. In the process of making these two kinds of records, the tax exemption licenses of the lords of the manors were scrutinized. These were supposed to be made each year, but in reality they were only made in the first year that a new governor was appointed. On the other hand, the fuden kendencho 負田検田帳 were records on which the total area of cultivated paddy fields were recorded by tax unit(fuden 負田 or myo 名). They were drawn up each year and inspected at the kendensho検田所. These last records were not only used to count up by each fuden the number of fields to be taxed, But also to settle the payments of the fuden taxes. Thus I have argued in this paper that the cadastral surveys of the 11th century were formed in the latter half of the 10th century on the basis of the crop surveys of the ritsuryo system, and that they changed into kenchu 検注 that were carried out by provincial governors in the first year of their appointment
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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