105,122 research outputs found
Wie wichtig ist Betreuung für die Orientierung auf eine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn? Eine Analyse der Betreuungssituation von Promovierenden in der Chemie und Politikwissenschaft
No full textKahlert H, Gonschior M, Nieter K, Sarter EK. Wie wichtig ist Betreuung für die Orientierung auf eine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn? Eine Analyse der Betreuungssituation von Promovierenden in der Chemie und Politikwissenschaft. In: Boeck G, Lammel N, eds. Kulturen des Wissens: Frauen und Wissenschaft. Rostock: Universität Rostock; 2011: 109-142
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Strategic use and social taming - Opening up the doctrine of market competition in public procurement
No full textSack D, Sarter EK. Strategic use and social taming - Opening up the doctrine of market competition in public procurement. In: Heinelt H, Münch S, eds. Handbook of European Policies. Handbooks of research on public policy series. Cheltenham; Northampton: Edward Elgar; 2018: 371-387
Dataset supporting the publication: "Computational and spectroscopic characterisation of thianthrene" in Royal Society Open Science 2024.
No full textThis dataset supports the publication: Computational and spectroscopic characterisation of thianthrene, (Rachel H. Rushworth, Matei Pascariu, Mona Sarter and Stewart F. Parker, Royal Society Open Science (2024)).
The dataset consists of a README file (README_Parker_Thianthrene_dataset.txt), two zip files: "A-Experimental_spectra", "B-CASTEP". and an image file: Thianthrene_Mode_at_862cm.jpg.
The README describes the contents of the archive.
A-Experimental_spectra.zip contains the DSC data and the infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering spectra.
B-CASTEP.zip contains the input and output files for the calculation of the complete unit cell and the C2v symmetry isolated molecule
Automation spectrum, inner / outer compatibility and other potentially useful human factors concepts for assistance and automation
No full textEnabled by scientific, technological and societal progress, and pulled by human
demands, more and more aspects of our life can be assisted or automated. One
example is the transportation domain, where in the sky commercial aircraft are
highly automated, and on the roads a gradual revolution takes place towards assisted,
highly automated or fully automated cars and trucks.
Assistance and automation can have benefits such as higher safety, lower workload,
or a fascination of use. Assistance and automation can also come with downsides,
especially regarding the interplay between human and technology (e.g., Bainbridge,
1983; Billings, 1997; Norman, 1990; Sarter and Woods, 1995a). In parallel to the
technological progress, the science of human factors has to be continuously
developed such that it can help to handle the technological complexity without
adding new complexity (e.g., Hollnagel, 2007).
In this overview article, some fundamental human factors issues for assistance and
automation that the authors found useful in their daily work are briefly sketched.
Some examples are described how those concepts could be used in the development
of assistance and automation systems. While the article deals especially with
assistance and automation in vehicles, the underlying concepts might also be useful
in other domains
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Timed, sustained, attention-demanding performance reorganizes or dampens multiple circadian rhythms.
No full textGritton et al (2009) reported that rats practicing daily a sustained attention task (SAT) at ZT4 exhibit inverted activity patterns, such that the majority of activity as measured by movement occurs during the light phase. This shift was not apparent in animals trained under several other control conditions, including an operantly similar simple reaction task that requires less cognitive vigilance performed at the same time of day. Here we report that the SAT performance also alters circadian running wheel activity at ZT4 in a similar manner. Furthermore, the SAT performance causes phase advances (diurnality) at ZT4, a smaller phase advance at ZT10 and small phase delays at ZT16. Core body temperatures (Tb) are consistent with running wheel records for training at ZT10 and ZT16. However, at ZT4 the Tb is no longer synchronized with running wheel records, and contain elements of both daily training and LD effects. Acetylcholine (ACh) release in the prefrontal cortex, as measured via microdialysis, anticipates and remains entrained for at least 3 days after the last training session at ZT4. Entrainment to the time of daily training also occurs at ZT16, but the anticipatory rise is absent. In contrast, an operant schedule of reinforcement devoid of explicit demands on cognitive processes (FI-9) did not shift activity at ZT4 also did not entrain ACh release. Animals practicing at ZT4 the SAT, but not the FI-9, exhibit dampened food intake, stool output, and corticosterone rhythms in addition to the noted changes in activity rhythms and ACh release. Finally, the per2 rhythm in the colon also had a dampened level of expression. These data suggest that attention-demanding tasks may act to attenuate SCN-control of peripheral oscillators
Optogenetically-evoked cortical cholinergic transients in mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cholinergic neurons.
No full textThe use of enzyme-selective microelectrodes for the real-time amperometric detection of neurotransmitter release has generated new insights in the regulation and function of major neurotransmitter and -modulator systems. We previously demonstrated that transient increases in prefrontal cholinergic activity (scale of seconds) mediate the detection of cues in attention-demanding contexts. This research was designed to determine if the transgenic expression of the photo-sensitive cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is conducive to electrochemical studies measuring neurotransmitter release in the terminal fields of cholinergic projection neurons. We employed a viral vector to selectively express the ChR2 transgene in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (substantia innominata/nucleus basalis of Meynert). Expression was achieved through the infusion of a DIO-ChR2-YFP construct packaged in an AAV vector into mice expressing the CRE recombinase gene under the control of the ChAT promoter. We employed enzyme-coated microelectrodes and fixed potential amperometry in order to measure the release of acetylcholine evoked by photoactivation of cholinergic neurons. Currents recorded via choline oxidase-coated platinum sites were referenced to adjacent non-coated sites. Light pulses were delivered to the cells expressing ChR2 via a laser diode with a wavelength of 446 nm coupled to a fiber-optic cable (200 μm in diameter) that could be raised or lowered via a micromanipulator on a stereotaxic instrument. Individual light pulses (<1 ms in duration, 5-40 mW as measured at the fiber tip) were insufficient to drive detectable cholinergic transients; however short pulses of light delivered in succession (10-60X) at frequencies greater than 10 Hz resulted in measurable cholinergic signals of 0.5 μM or greater. Electrochemical recordings performed in cortical areas contralateral to the hemisphere expressing ChR2 as well as non-projection ipsilateral regions - such as the striatum - did not yield detectable cholinergic signaling. We conclude that the expression of photoactivated ChR2 can be used to selectively activate cholinergic projections to terminal regions and that this release is detectable using enzyme-selective microelectrodes. Future studies will test the hypothesis that the augmentation of cue evoked cholinergic transients improves attentional task-performance and will yield information about the impact of poorly orchestrated or invalid cholinergic transients on cognitive performance
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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