1,720,955 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Yes, Curbing U.S. Fossil Fuel Extraction Does Reduce Climate Pollution
No full textWith experts worldwide calling on governments to transition away from fossil fuels to prevent catastrophic levels of climate change, the Biden Administration is in the midst of reconsidering the federal government’s oil, gas, and coal leasing programs. Reforms to these programs could bring U.S. energy policy closer in line with climate reality by reducing the extraction of fossil fuels from public lands. Predictably, the fossil-fuel industry and its allies have opposed these reforms. These groups have dredged up old government analyses to argue that restricting domestic energy supply will shift production overseas, purportedly removing business from the United States while doing nothing to solve the climate problem. The logic goes that, because fossil fuel extraction will continue in other countries, the United States should keep making money from extraction while the world burns. This argument has been coined by experts as “perfect substitution.” But this climate nihilism has been widely debunked for violating basic economics. Federal courts have repeatedly rejected analyses that relied on perfect substitution to justify irresponsible levels of extraction. Policymakers should not take the argument seriously but should instead be guided by rigorous science and economics in shaping domestic policies to reduce emissions and address climate change. The notion of perfect substitution violates basic supply-and-demand principles. Fossil-fuel companies want to extract from federal lands mainly because it is a cheap supply option. If such leasing became less available, fossil-fuel producers would have to turn to more expensive alternatives, causing fossil-fuel consumption to fall and renewable substitutes to become more competitive. Given its vast market power, the federal government could level the playing field for sustainable fuels if it prioritized conservation, recreation, and renewable energy production on federal lands and waters rather than tying up so much land in fossil-fuel extraction. That is why, after the federal government justified coal leasing in 2010 on the grounds that it would have no climate impacts due to perfect substitution, a federal appeals court unanimously rejected the approval. The three-judge panel, including one judge appointed by President Ronald Reagan, described perfect substitution as “irrational” and “contrary to basic supply and demand principles.” The argument should have died there, but it did not. With perfect substitution off the table, the U.S. Department of the Interior developed an economic model—known as MarketSim—finding near-perfect substitution. Using this model, the Interior Department concluded that, although reducing extraction on federal lands does reduce consumption, this reduction is exceedingly small due to substitution effects. Using this model, the Obama, Trump, and now Biden Administrations have moved forward with major extraction plans after the Interior Department claimed that these fossil-fuel projects would barely budge—or, in many cases, even decrease—total greenhouse gas emissions. But two federal courts recently rejected major leasing plans relying on this model, which was based on several faulty inputs. For instance, in Center for Biological Diversity v. Bernhardt, the defendants’ environmental impact statement, which was based on the MarketSim model, completely ignored impacts on foreign energy consumption, falsely assuming that consumption abroad would be unaffected by a reduction in global supply. As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit explained last year, this error helped produce the model’s “counterintuitive result.” Although the Interior Department has recently attempted to correct the error identified by the Ninth Circuit, the MarketSim model suffers from other key shortcomings that overstate substitution effects. Most notably, the model effectively disregards the long-term growth of solar and wind energy by assuming that global oil and gas consumption would continue unabated for the next 70 years. This premise is incompatible with global efforts to mitigate climate change. In essence, the government assumed that nothing would be done to combat climate change and then used that premise to justify climate-damaging policies. This self-fulfilling pessimism is not a reasonable basis for government decision-making. To be fair, reductions in domestic fossil-fuel supply do result in partial substitution, because additional supply from other locations meets demand. But that substitution is far from total: research shows that the effect is only about 50 percent, meaning that eliminating one barrel from domestic oil supply decreases global supply by roughly half a barrel. And this 50 percent figure could be further reduced through border adjustments or other efforts to account for climate change in U.S. trade policy. Although reducing domestic fossil-fuel extraction will not solve climate change by itself, it can make a tangible dent in global emissions. This maxim is more broadly true of U.S. climate leadership. History shows that American policies to reduce climate pollution drive real climate progress by spurring reciprocal foreign emission reductions. For instance, Obama-era climate policies helped to prompt China’s most meaningful climate commitments. And after the Biden Administration committed to halve U.S. emissions by 2030, many countries—including Japan, Canada, and Brazil—significantly strengthened their own pledges. In contrast, when America abdicated its climate leadership during the Trump Administration and rolled back key measures to reduce emissions, a period of little international progress ensued. A recent study shows that every ton of climate pollution that the United States pledged to reduce has resulted in foreign nations pledging to reduce their emissions by over six tons in return. When the United States transitions away from fossil fuels, geopolitical and market adjustments make clean energy more competitive globally. As the Biden Administration moves ahead with plans to overhaul federal fossil-fuel leasing, it should be guided by the best evidence on fuel substitution and climate change. The Administration must throw out the economically flawed, judicially rebuked substitution model previously used to justify leasing and replace it with an evidence-based model that properly accounts for the true impact of domestic climate action. In short, the Biden Administration must reject the tired arguments of the fossil-fuel industry and proceed with ambitious reforms that meet the climate crisis’s urgent demands
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Toward Rationality in Oil and Gas Leasing: Building the Toolkit for Programmatic Reforms
No full textFor decades, the federal government has inadequately considered the environmental harms of oil and gas extraction in its management of public lands and waters. As a result, fossil-fuel developers have been handed vast swaths of land at bargain prices, causing dangerous levels of greenhouse gas pollution that exacerbates climate change while depriving the public of more beneficial uses of the land.
That is all likely to change soon. A week into his term, President Biden called for a comprehensive review of the oil and gas program.1 That review is now underway and is likely to result in substantial programmatic reforms such as curtailing fossil-fuel leasing, prioritizing conservation and renewable-energy generation, increasing environmental controls, and adjusting lease terms to ensure fair value to taxpayers. The substantial climate and other environmental benefits of these reforms should justify any associated economic impacts.
But those benefits will remain largely obscured if Interior continues to use the methodologies it has relied upon in the past. That is because under previous administrations spanning decades, both the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) have prepared analyses that did not fully capture the environmental impacts of fossil-fuel extraction. More rigorous evaluation of these impacts could help Interior defend its breaks from prior policy and, in doing so, provide critical analytical support for long-overdue reforms. Additionally, stronger analytical support will help safeguard this administration’s reforms against any efforts by a future presidential administration to roll them back.
This report offers suggestions on how Interior can build an analytical toolkit to support ambitious reforms in federal land-management policies based on sound scientific and economic methodologies. Interior should not substantially delay overdue reforms in anticipation of revised analytical tools. Some of the tools suggested in this report can be applied immediately, while Interior could develop others in the meantime and then apply those methodologies to any reforms that it undertakes after those methodologies are available
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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