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Metaphorical representations in titles of american movies and their translations into portuguese: a functional-systemic approach
No full textEsta pesquisa trata de problemas de comunicação causados por diferenças culturais,
em especial devidos ao que Tannen (1984 apud BYRNES, 1986) chamou de estilo
conversacional . Várias pesquisas mostram a importância desse fator, já que ele não é
meramente uma questão linguística de superfície, mas envolve em si arraigados usos
e costumes de uma comunidade linguística, que acabam se externalizando na
comunicação. A questão da relação entre língua e cultura tem sido objeto de muita
pesquisa, e hoje é consenso de que professores de línguas não deveriam apenas se
preocupar em ensinar as regras que explicam a norma gramatical de uma sentença,
mas estimular seus alunos a tomarem consciência da sistematicidade das regras de
comunicação. Nesse contexto, considerando que o discurso é muito mais um
desenvolvimento de uma argumentação retórica, do que a expressão do pensamento
de alguém, pode-se entender o estilo conversacional como sendo um instrumento
utilizado pelos falantes nesse desenvolvimento ou, em outras palavras, na persuasão
do interlocutor. Um fato que me chamou a atenção foi a frequente diferença entre os
títulos de filmes americanos e sua tradução para o português, que pareceu-me ser
devido a questões de natureza cultural. Portanto, nessa conjuntura, envolvendo
argumentação retórica e recursos de persuasão, esses títulos sugerem ser
expressões metafóricas que culminariam na criação de algumas metáforas
dominantes. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar a construção dessas
metáforas dominantes no processo persuasivo dos títulos em português. Para tanto,
visa a responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa:
(a) que metáforas dominantes sugerem os títulos em português?
(b) de que escolhas léxico-gramaticais se valem os títulos americanos de filmes e sua
respectiva tradução para o português?
(c) como é feita a persuasão com apoio nos títulos nas duas línguas?
Metodologicamente, uma abordagem de análise (crítica) do discurso e suplementada
por métodos da análise da metáfora e tem o suporte da Gramática
Sistêmico-Funcional, uma teoria multifuncional, de Halliday (1985), indicada por
estudiosos críticos da linguagem como a mais adequada para esse fim (FOWLER,
1991; FAIRCLOUGH, 1992; CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004)This research deals with communication problems caused by cultural differences, especially what Tannen (1984 apud BYRNES, 1986) named 'conversational style'. Several studies show the importance of this factor, since it is not only a linguistic surface structure issue, but it also involves ingrained habits and customs of a linguistic community that wind up emerging within communication. The relationship between language and culture has been the object of extensive research, and it is now consensus that foreign language teachers should not only be concerned with the teaching of standard rules of grammar, but they should also encourage their students to become aware of the systematicity in such communication rules. In this context, considering that discourse is more of a development of a rhetorical argumentation than an expression of someone s thought, the conversational style can be understood as a tool used by speakers in such development or, in other words, in the interlocutor s persuasion. A fact that drew my attention was the frequent difference between titles of American movies and their translation into Portuguese, which I believed to be due to cultural issues. Therefore, in this context, involving rhetorical argumentation and persuasion resources, these titles could be considered metaphorical expressions that would culminate in the creation of some dominant metaphors. The objective of this research is to examine the construction of these dominant metaphors in the persuasive process of titles in Portuguese. To this end, it aims to answer the following research questions: a) What dominant metaphors do the titles in Portuguese suggest? b) What lexicogrammatical choices do the titles rely on? c) How is persuasion supported by the titles in both languages made? Methodologically, a(n) (Critical) Analysis of Discourse approach supplemented by methods of metaphor Analysis supported by Systemic Functional Grammar, a multi-functional theory (HALLIDAY, 1985), indicated by critical scholars of language as the most suitable one for this purpose (FOWLER, 1991; FAIRCLOUGH, 1992; CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The structure of the nominal group in the Rheme: the realization of the communicative dynamism
No full textEste trabalho examina a estrutura do grupo nominal (GN) que ocorre no Rema em
gêneros discursivos distintos, a saber: escrita acadêmica, crítica de cinema e artigo de
opinião. O GN não tem sido alvo de muitos estudos, e além disso, tem sido estudado
em sentenças isoladas e, em geral, em sentenças artificialmente construídas. Por outro
lado, não há consenso entre os pesquisadores sobre a função, nem sobre a ordem de
seus constituintes. Há muitos fatores que influem na constituição da estrutura do GN,
dentre os quais a influência do tipo de gênero, conforme pesquisa de Bathia (1991) e
Whittaker (1995). Tento nesta pesquisa: (a) examinar textos naturais e não apenas
sentenças isoladas, como tem sido feito, já que a literatura nos mostra que a estrutura
do GN envolve conceitos textuais como os de Tema e Rema, os quais, por extensão,
como veremos, se sobrepõem a questões informacionais de Dado e Novo. Tento,
portanto, relacionar o GN com a dinâmica da comunicação para verificar em que
medida a constituição da estrutura do GN reflete dessa dinâmica. Esse caminho nos
levará a considerar a questão de levar a comunicação para frente , através da noção
de dinamismo comunicativo, que aumenta, na maioria dos casos, do Tema para o
Rema, segundo Firbas (1974). Por outro lado, embora a pesquisa examine o Rema,
não se pode deixar de considerar o Tema, já que, segundo Halliday, citado por Fries
(2002), Rema é tudo na oração menos o Tema . Aqui enfrentamos um problema, pois
a definição de Tema tem levantado muita polêmica, como se sabe. Devo esclarecer que
esta pesquisa se concentra no exame do GN do Rema, já que esta posição é em geral
ocupada pela novidade da informação, o que a reveste de maior grau de dinamismo
comunicativo, e também porque, embora exerça esse papel primordial no discurso,
pouco se tem pesquisado a seu respeito. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é
examinar, em textos naturais, em três diferentes gêneros discursivos, a constituição
estrutural do GN do Rema, para verificar como se caracteriza essa estrutura para
cumprir sua função no Rema, ou seja, de aumentar o dinamismo comunicativo. Para
tanto, apóia-se, basicamente, na Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional e na Perspectiva
Funcional da Sentença. Dados numéricos, em termos de oração e adjuntos, mostrarão
os elementos léxico-gramaticais que constituem os GNs do Rema. Portanto, os dados
parecem indicar que o dinamismo comunicativo, vale-se de orações subordinadas e dos
atributivos (oração adjetiva, adjunto adnominal e predicativo) nesse processo, bem
como da constituição simples da maior parte dos GNs. Excetuando-se a escrita
acadêmica, os dois outros gêneros (artigo de opinião e crítica de cinema) apresentam
GNs constituídos de dêitico + núcleo + atributo, o que me surpreendeu dado que era de
se esperar que a escrita nos gêneros examinados apresentasse GNs complexos. Fato
notável é a ocorrência maciça de artigos definidos em ambiente que serve para veicular
informação nova, o Rema. Há ocorrência mínima de orações substantivas, bem como
de adjetivos em posição pré-núcleo do GN. O papel das circunstâncias é também
importante nesse contexto, pois parece concorrer para explicar o modo como os
eventos se realizam, num tempo e num espaço também determinados por elas. Há
ocorrência de comparações, com a ocorrência da preposição como , para explicar
através de comparações o conteúdo mais difícil de apreenderThis research examines the structure of the nominal group (NG) found within the Rheme
in distinguished discourse genres, namely academic writing, movie review and opinion
article. The NG has not been the object of many studies, and besides, it has been
studied within isolated sentences and, in general, in sentences inauthentically
constructed. However, there is no consensus, among researchers, neither on the
function, nor on the order of its constituents. There are many factors that influence the
constitution of the structure of the NG, among which the influence on the type of genre,
according to Bathia´s and Whitaker´s researches in 1991 and 1995, respectively. I
attempt, in this research, to: (a) examine authentic texts and not just isolated sentences,
as it has been done, since the literature shows us that the structure of the NG involves
textual concepts as those of Theme and Rheme, which, by extension, as we will see,
are overlaid with informational issues of Given and New. I attempt, therefore, to relate
the NG with the communicative dynamism to examine to what extent the constitution of
the structure of the NG reflect off this dynamism. This way will lead us to consider the
question of ensuring effective communication flow , through the notion of
communicative dynamism, that increases, in most cases, from the Theme to the Rheme,
according to Firbas (1974). Nevertheless, despite the fact that this research examines
the Rheme, one has to take the Theme into account, seeing that; according to Halliday,
quoted by Fries (2002), Rheme is all in the clause but the Theme . Here we run into a
problem: it is known that the definition of Theme has aroused polemics. I must clarify
that this research is conducted on the study of the NG within the Rheme, since this
position is generally taken by the information newness, fact which marks it by a higher
degree of communicative dynamism, and also because, although it occupies a crucial
role in the discourse, little has been researched about it. This being the case, the
objective of this research is to examine, in authentic texts, in three different discourse
genres, the constitution of the NG in the Rheme, to find out how this structure is
characterized in order to fulfill its function within the Rheme, in other words, the function
of increasing the communicative dynamism. Thus, it is basically supported by the
Systemic Functional Linguistics and by the Functional Sentence Perspective. Numerical
data, in terms of clauses and adjuncts, will show the lexico-grammatical elements that
constitute the NGs of the Rheme. Therefore, the data seem to indicate that the
communicative dynamism makes use of attributes and the simple constitution of the
greater part of the NGs in this process. A noteworthy fact is the widespread occurrence
of definite articles in places that serve to convey new information, the Rheme. There are
rare occurrences of noun clauses and adjectives in pre-head positions within the NG.
The role of the circumstances is also important in this context, for it seems to contribute
to explain the way the event occur, in space and time determined by it. There are
occurrences of comparisons with the preposition como ( like ), to explain through
comparisons the content that is hardest to lear
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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