1,721,453 research outputs found
Atomic-layer deposited thulium oxide as a passivation layer on germanium
No full textA comprehensive study of atomic-layer deposited thulium oxide (Tm2O3) on germanium has been conducted using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vacuum ultra-violet variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The valence band offset is found to be 3.05±0.2eV for Tm2O3/p-Ge from the Tm 4d centroid and Ge 3p3/2 charge-corrected XPS core-level spectra taken at different sputtering times of a single bulk thulium oxide sample. A negligible downward band bending of ∼0.12eV is observed during progressive differential charging of Tm 4d peaks. The optical band gap is estimated from the absorption edge and found to be 5.77eV with an apparent Urbach tail signifying band gap tailing at ∼5.3eV. The latter has been correlated to HRTEM and electron diffraction results corroborating the polycrystalline nature of the Tm2O3 films. The Tm2O3/Ge interface is found to be rather atomically abrupt with sub-nanometer thickness. In addition, the band line-up of reference GeO2/n-Ge stacks obtained by thermal oxidation has been discussed and derived. The observed low reactivity of thulium oxide on germanium as well as the high effective barriers for holes (∼3eV) and electrons (∼2eV) identify Tm2O3 as a strong contender for interfacial layer engineering in future generations of scaled high-κ gate stacks on Ge. © 2015 AIP Publishing LLC
Corporate Governance in the Banking Sector (CGBS): A Literature Review
No full textThis chapter investigates how researchers across the world are trying to disentangle the CGBS concept. It scrutinizes the main CGBS articles published from 2000 to 2020 and identifies the most studied CG areas, that is, risk appetite, board diversity, ownership structure, role of CEO, compensation, Islamic banking system, CSR (corporate social responsibility) and ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance), and political connections. Finally, it identifies the main results and provides ad hoc tips and advice to regulators and researchers
The Meaning of Corporate Governance and its Role in the Banking Sector
No full textThis chapter aims to clarify the meaning of corporate governance (CG). The first part focuses on the main difficulties that regulators, practitioners, and the general public face when discussing CG. We identify four aspects that can exacerbate these difficulties. First, CG regulation is a recent topic and this is even more true in the banking sector. Second, CG looks at directors’ attributes and social aspects; these elements are very difficult to measure and operationalize. Third, the different types of ownership structures change and affect board’s goals and characteristics. Fourth, CG models differ according to the diverse forms of capitalism. Three main CG models are identified in literature: the Anglo-American model, the Continental European model, and the Japanese model. The second part defines CG with a focus on the banking sector
Corporate Governance and Behavioral Finance
No full textBoard’s decision-making process and CEOs’ biases have been at the center of academic literature studies on behavior economics following the financial crisis in the first decade of 2000. We described some of the most common irrational beliefs or behaviors that can unconsciously influence board’s and CEOs’ decision-making process
Corporate Governance (CG) Theories and the Banking Sector
No full textThis chapter aims to clarify the main CG theories. It begins with the agency theory, investigating how the agency costs change in the banking environment. Then, shareholder’s and stakeholder’s theories are described and compared. Finally, it explains other CG theories, that is, the resource dependency theory (RDT), the resource-based view theory (RBV), the stewardship theory, and the upper echelon theory (UET)
Why Corporate Governance Matters: Spectacular Defaults
No full textIn the following chapter, we concentrate our attention to specific banking crisis events to pass from the theory to the practice and identify concrete governance failure cases. Grant Kirkpatrick of OECD (Economic Co-operation and Development) (2009) analyzed, in his corporate governance lessons from the financial crisis, the relationship between weak corporate governance and failures on several banking crises highlighting the strong correlation. He underlined that the 2006–2008 financial meltdown was characterized by severe shortcomings in internal governance, in risk management, and in the role of the board in overseeing risk management. These failures ranged from the following
The influence of base structure on acoustic performance enhancement through additonal layers
No full textIn the field of noise control engineering, multilayer systems are widely utilised to mitigate noise radiation and improve sound insulation. The effectiveness of additional layers in enhancing acoustic performance significantly relies on the characteristics of the underlying base structure. In fact, evaluating the acoustic efficacy of lining systems in building construction requires standardised heavyweight and lightweight elements as base structures. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the characteristics of the base structure and the design of multilayer systems as a mitigation strategy. Through parametric analysis of a simulated dataset, this study endeavours to provide valuable insights for accurately evaluating global acoustic performance and developing tools handy in designing optimal multilayer system configurations for effective noise control in building constructions. This paper presents preliminary results aimed at identifying critical parameters for predicting the sound insulation improvement of lining systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Noise control in hospitals: Considerations on regulations, design and real situations
No full textHospitals include a variety of different spaces with different requirements and levels of sensitivity but also different activities and equipment that can cause high noise levels. Despite the regulations that usually apply to hospitals, noise control is not an easy task. In Italy, the design and construction of hospital buildings must guarantee the acoustic requirements given by the National Regulation (1995-1997), which refers to all new buildings, and by the new Decree on Minimum Environmental Criteria (2017), which applies to public buildings and refers to the Italian acoustic classification scheme (UNI 11367-2010). However, the need to create spaces suitable for the various types of use entails difficulties in identifying where and how to apply the limits set by the legislation. In addition, there are situations in which, regardless of the legislation, it would be opportune to consider more adequate acoustic comfort. In the paper, we analyse the various situations and evaluate the applicability of the legislation. From experimental measurements performed in real cases, some methodological proposals are reported both to ensure the satisfaction of the requirements imposed by the legislation and to meet the needs for more specific acoustic regulations for hospital
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