11 research outputs found
<Articles>Residence and family in Heiankyo : Kiju 寄住, Uxorilocal Residence, and City
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり都市論と家族史の接点を探りつつ、平安中期の貴族の居住を分析する。平安京という都市における貴族の居住は、「寄住」によって特徴づけられる。「寄住」とは、所有権のない邸宅に一時的に往む「仮住い」のことである。彼らは、方違えや、忌みを避けて他人の家に宿すために都市内を移動していった。より長期にわたって寄住を行うこともあり、彼らの居住は安定したものではなかった。こうした分析により、流動性、便宜性が平安貴族の平安京居住の特微であることが明らかになる。また、妻方居住も「寄住」の概念で捉えることができる。妻を亡くした男性は、それまで住んでいた妻方の邸宅を去るのが一般的であり、このことは、彼にとって妻方居住が一時的なものだということを示す。妻方居住は、「仮住い」の一つの選択肢に過ぎない。さらに、所有と居住の不一致から、平安期には、自分の所有する邸宅に住む必然性が希薄であったことをみる。In this essay, the author makes use of historical records such as diaries and fictional tales to analyze the residence customs of the nobility of the middle Heian period (10th-11th cent.), aiming to link urban theory with the history of the family. The residence of the nobles in the capital city of Heiankyo was characterized by "kiju", or temporary residence ; more precisely, kiju means dwelling temporarily In a mansion which one does not own and for which one pays no rent. In an attempt to avoid directional and other taboos, Heian nobles moved around the city from one place to another. Sometimes they lived in each other's mansions for long periods of time. The practice of kiju is a sign of the instability of their residence. Mobility and convenience were the prime characteristics of noble residence in the city of Heiankyo. We can also understand uxorilocal residence as a variation on kiju. The fact that a man who lost his wife in childbirth generally moved out of her mansion implies that the wife's mansion was no more than a temporary place for him to dwell. In a nutshell, uxorilocal residence was nothing but one type of temporary residence. Thus arguments made in family history for uxorilocal residence being the rule during the Heian period need to be reexamined. During the Heian period, the custom of temporary habitation in the mansions of others gradually shifted to continuous residence in a mansion of one's own. Untill then though one did not necessarily live in a mansion that one owned oneself. The mutual sharing of residences within the nobility of the narrow city of Heiankyo was one aspect of its culture
A newly developed ultra-small portable oxygen concentrator with equivalent efficacy to the conventional device
No full textIndividual growing conditions that affect diameter increment of tree saplings after selection harvesting in a mixed forest in northern Japan
No full textWe analyzed temporal patterns in diameter growth of saplings following selection harvesting in an uneven-aged mixed stand dominated by Abies sachalinensis, Acer mono, Quercus crispula, and Betula ermanii in Hokkaido, northern Japan. We examined interspecific differences in growth responses to local growing conditions including harvesting intensity, crowding, stem size, and past duration of the small growth period. Consistent with expectations based on shade tolerance of the species, the age at which the individual reached a diameter at breast height of 12.5 cm was highest for A. sachalinensis and lowest for B. ermanii. The interspecific growth differences between saplings that had or had not experienced local harvesting increased gradually for A. sachalinensis and B. ermanii, but peaked at around 4-6 years after harvesting for Q. crispula. Generalized linear mixed model analysis clearly suggested that individual growth conditions required to enhance diameter growth of saplings differed considerably among species. For Q. crispula and B. ermanii, local harvesting intensity was most strongly and positively associated with diameter growth rate, whereas for A. sachalinensis and A. mono, stem size had the strongest negative effect. Abies sachalinensis saplings responded more to surrounding harvesting when they were relatively small, whereas A. mono showed a weak opposite response. The duration of the small growth period before harvesting had negative effect for A. sachalinensis, but not for the other species. Our study indicated that the influence of selection harvesting on growth of shade-tolerant species depends upon pre- and post-harvest growing conditions
Changes in carbon stock following soil scarification of non-wooded stands in Hokkaido, northern Japan
No full textTo restore nonwooded stands dominated by dwarf bamboo species (Sasa kurilensis or S. senanensis) into forests, mechanical soil scarification has been applied in northern Japan since the 1960s. The treatment is followed both by natural regeneration and artificial planting. In this study, we quantified the total carbon stock (plants plus 0.3 m depth of soil) of these stands over 35-year age-sequences. The natural regeneration stands were gradually dominated by Betula ermanii. The carbon stock increased linearly to 215.1 ± 35.2 Mg C ha^[-1] for a 37-year-old stand formerly dominated by S. kurilensis, and 181.1 ± 29.8 Mg C ha^[-1] for 34-year-old stand formerly dominated by S. senanensis. The latter was similar to that of a Picea glehnii plantation, formerly dominated by S. senanensis, with comparable stand age (160.3 ± 6.7 Mg C ha^[-1] for 35-year-old stands). Although the carbon stock in plants quickly offset the untreated level, that in the soil remained depressed even in the older stands. This resulted in small differences in carbon stock of these stands with untreated dwarf bamboo stands. We conclude that natural regeneration following scarification could be a prime option for carbon sink management in the region. However, we should take a long rotation period (i.e. > 50-year) to ensure a carbon sink state. A potential of further improvements of the practice, including that reduce intensity of soil disturbance, was presented
Twenty years of community dynamics in a mixed conifer : broadleaved forest under a selection system in northern Japan
No full textSingle-tree selection has been employed widely in northern Japanese mixed forests, but management-induced changes in forests are not well understood. This study examined demographic parameters of major tree species during a 20-year study of a 68 ha stand in which single-tree selection has been conducted since 1971. Results showed that growth and survival of conifers (mostly Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Masters) was the most strongly positively affected by the treatment. Nevertheless, recruitment of conifers was not sufficiently improved, suggesting their decreased dominance over the longer term. Instead, shade-intolerant broad-leaved species (mainly Betula ermanii Cham.) will gradually increase because of their higher recruitment rates after the treatment. Shade-tolerant broad-leaved species (mainly Acer mono Maxim. and Tilia japonica (Miq.) Simonkai) appeared to experience the most distinct negative effects, especially on survival. These trends differed markedly from those reported in previous papers concerning partial harvesting systems, which predicted an increase in dominance of shade-tolerant species. The results shown here should be generalized carefully because we have investigated only one stand without repetition of the control area. Nevertheless, trends described in this large-scale, long-term study could provide a basis for simulating stand dynamics. We discussed possible reasons for the observed patterns and provided implications for sustainable management in the region
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Starfish Bone-Derived β-Tricalcium Phosphate as a Bone Substitute Material
No full textWe evaluated starfish-derived β-tricalcium phosphate (Sf-TCP) obtained by phosphatization of starfish-bone-derived porous calcium carbonate as a potential bone substitute material. The Sf-TCP had a communicating pore structure with a pore size of approximately 10 μm. Although the porosity of Sf-TCP was similar to that of Cerasorb M (CM)—a commercially available β-TCP bone filler—the specific surface area was roughly three times larger than that of CM. Observation by scanning electron microscopy showed that pores communicated to the inside of the Sf-TCP. Cell growth tests showed that Sf-TCP improved cell proliferation compared with CM. Cells grown on Sf-TCP showed stretched filopodia and adhered; cells migrated both to the surface and into pores. In vivo, vigorous tissue invasion into pores was observed in Sf-TCP, and more fibrous tissue was observed for Sf-TCP than CM. Moreover, capillary formation into pores was observed for Sf-TCP. Thus, Sf-TCP showed excellent biocompatibility in vitro and more vigorous bone formation in vivo, indicating the possible applications of this material as a bone substitute. In addition, our findings suggested that mimicking the microstructure derived from whole organisms may facilitate the development of superior artificial bone
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Starfish Bone-Derived -Tricalcium Phosphate as a Bone Substitute Material
No full textWe evaluated starfish-derived -tricalcium phosphate (Sf-TCP) obtained by phosphatization of starfish-bone-derived porous calcium carbonate as a potential bone substitute material. The Sf-TCP had a communicating pore structure with a pore size of approximately 10 m. Although the porosity of Sf-TCP was similar to that of Cerasorb M (CM)a commercially available -TCP bone fillerthe specific surface area was roughly three times larger than that of CM. Observation by scanning electron microscopy showed that pores communicated to the inside of the Sf-TCP. Cell growth tests showed that Sf-TCP improved cell proliferation compared with CM. Cells grown on Sf-TCP showed stretched filopodia and adhered; cells migrated both to the surface and into pores. In vivo, vigorous tissue invasion into pores was observed in Sf-TCP, and more fibrous tissue was observed for Sf-TCP than CM. Moreover, capillary formation into pores was observed for Sf-TCP. Thus, Sf-TCP showed excellent biocompatibility in vitro and more vigorous bone formation in vivo, indicating the possible applications of this material as a bone substitute. In addition, our findings suggested that mimicking the microstructure derived from whole organisms may facilitate the development of superior artificial bone.ArticleMATERIALS. 12(11):1881 (2019)journal articl
Clinical Features of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Peripheral Versus Central Venous Catheters
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Assessing insect herbivory on broadleaf canopy trees at 19 natural forest sites across Japan
No full textCellular Responses of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells to Carbon Nanomaterials
No full textOne of the greatest challenges to overcome in the pursuit of the medical application of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) is safety. Particularly, when considering the use of CNMs in drug delivery systems (DDSs), evaluation of safety at the accumulation site is an essential step. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of carbon nanohorns (CNHs), which are potential DDSs, using human lymph node endothelial cells that have been reported to accumulate CNMs, as a comparison to fibrous, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and particulate carbon black (CB). The effect of different surface characteristics was also evaluated using two types of CNHs (untreated and oxidized). In the fibrous MWCNT, cell growth suppression, as well as expression of inflammatory cytokine genes was observed, as in previous reports. In contrast, no significant toxicity was observed for particulate CB and CNHs, which was different from the report of CB cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells. These results show that (1) lymph endothelial cells need to be tested separately from other endothelial cells for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, and (2) the potential of CNHs as DDSs
