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발효 수수의 생산 및 생화학적 특성
Get PDF학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2021.8. Doman Kim.수수 (Sorghum bicolor)는 슈퍼 작물 중 하나이며, 다섯 번째로 영양가가 높은 주요 곡물이다. 수수는 페놀산, 플라보노이드 및 축합 탄닌이 주성분이며, 다양한 페놀 화합물 함량이 높은 글루텐 프리 곡물이다. 본 연구의 목적은 발효를 통해 L-carnitine과 수수의 다른 기능성 성분을 증가시키기 위함이다. 발효 샘플을 이용하여 SEM과 같은 형태학적 연구, LC/MS (L-carnitine, citrinin and phenolic compounds)와 같은 분석 연구, TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH, FRAP 및 ORAC와 같은 생화학적 연구를 수행하였다. 미발효 수수의 매끈한 표면이 Monascus purpureus K/M에 의한 발효 과정 이후 수수 외부 표면의 분해가 관찰되었다. L-carnitine 양은 M. purpureus K/M에 의한 14일 발효 후 0.42±0.05 mg/kg에서 120.6±0.7 mg/kg으로 증가하였다. 총 페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 발효 과정 동안 증가하였다. 반면, 총 탄닌 함량은 발효일이 증가함에 따라 290%로 감소하였다. DPPH, FRAP 및 ORAC 분석에서는 발효되지 않은 수수에 비해 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 발효 후 갈산과 바닐산이 생성되었다. α-glucosidase와 버섯 tyrosinase의 저해 활성도 발효 5일 후 199.6%, 141.4% 증가하였다. M. purpureus K/M에 의한 발효 후 수수의 L-carnitine 함량은 287배 증가하였다. 발효수수의 세포독성은 비발효수수에 비해 감소하였다. 대식세포에 대한 NO 생성 억제율은 각각 76.9%, 74.6% 및 77.6%로 각각 비발효, 5일 및 7일 발효 수수에서 관찰되었다. 따라서 본 연구를 바탕으로, 발효한 수수는 식품, 제약, 화장품 산업에서 기능성 소재로 응용 가능할 것이라 기대된다.Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is one of the super crops and the fifth most important cereal with high nutrient value. It is gluten free cereal with high content of various phenolic compounds among which phenolic acids, flavonoids and condensed tannins are main compounds. The goal of this study is to increase the L-carnitine concentration as well as other functional components of sorghum by fermentation. Fermented samples were prepared for morphological study like SEM, analytical study like LC/MS (L-carnitine, citrinin and phenolic compounds), biochemical study like TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC. Degradation on the outer surface of sorghum observed after fermentation by Monascus purpureus K/M where non-fermented sorghum have smooth surface. L-carnitine amount was increased from 0.42±0.05 mg/kg to 120.6±0.7 mg/kg after 14 days fermentation by M. purpureus K/M. The total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were increased during fermentation. On the other hand, total tannin contents were decreased to 290% as the fermentation day increased. DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays showed the increase of antioxidant activities compared to non-fermented sorghum. Gallic acid and vanillic acid were appeared after fermentation. The inhibitory activity of α- glucosidase and mushroom tyrosinase also increase 199.6% and 141.4% after 5 days fermentation. After fermentation by M. purpureus K/M, the l-carnitine content in sorghum increased 287 times. The cell toxicity of fermented sorghum was decreased compare to non-fermented sorghum. 76.9%, 74.6% and 77.6% inhibition of NO production on macrophage cells were observed in non-fermented, 5 days and 7 days fermented sorghum, respectively Based on these findings, fermented sorghum has potential application as functional materials in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.Research background 1
1. Sorghum 1
2. Source and importance of L-carnitine 2
3. Biochemical improvement of sorghum 3
4. Edible fungus used in fermentation 4
5. Monascus spp. 4
6. Anti-diabetic activity 5
7. Anti-tyrosinase activity 5
8. Research objectives 6
Materials and Methods 7
1. Materials 7
2. Culture condition of microbial strain 8
3. Preparation of fermented sorghum 8
4. Sample Extraction 9
5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation 9
6. L‑carnitine content analysis 10
7. Citrinin analyses 11
8. . Phenolic compounds analyses 12
9. Analysis of volatile compounds by using GC-SPME 13
10. Measurement of TPC 14
11. Measurement of TFC 14
12. Total condensed tannin content (TCT) analysis 15
13 DPPH radical scavenging activity 16
14. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay 17
15. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay 18
16. α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity 19
17. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity 20
18. Cell viability test 21
19. Nitric oxide inhibitory activity 22
20. Statistical Analysis 22
Results 23
1. Observation of scanning electron microscopic 23
2. Sorghum extraction by ethanol 25
3. Analyses of L-carnitine 27
4. Analyses of phenolic compounds 28
5. Total functional compound contents 30
6. Antioxidant activity of non-fermented and fermented sorghum 31
7. Analyses of citrinin 33
8. Detection of volatile compounds 34
9. Antidiabetic activities 36
10. Inhibitory activity of mushroom tyrosinase 38
11. RAW264.7 cell viability 40
12 Nitric oxide inhibition assay 42
Discussion 44
Conclusions 50
References 51
Abstract in Korean 65
Acknowledgements 66석
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
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counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
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use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
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Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
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Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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