1,721,027 research outputs found
'Take it or Go to Court' - The Impact of Sec. 1a of the German Protection against Dismissal Act on Severance Payments -
Full text linkIn 2004, a section was added to the German Protection against Dismissal Act, establishing a new procedure to dismiss an employee, given a predetermined severance payment. Most legal scholars presume the change to be without impact, while a minority of experts claims it to be either beneficial or unfavourable to employees. Our theoretical model suggests that firms will use the new procedure, but that the change in payoffs is indeterminate and, therefore, an empirical issue. Exploiting the fact that collective dismissals are not directly affected by the amendment, difference-in-differences estimates based on panel data for West Germany indicate that the legal change did have a negative effect on severance pay.panel data, Protection against Dismissal Act, severance pay
Getting Europe to Work: The Role of Flexibility in Tapping the Unused Potential in European Labour Markets. CEPS Working Document, No. 250, 13 September 2006
Full text linkThe Lisbon strategy of 2000 sets the ambitious goal (among others) of achieving an employment rate of 70% overall, 60% for women and 50% for older workers within the EU-15 by 2010. Five years later, labour market participation has increased somewhat (overall from 62.5% in 1999 to 64.3% in 2003), but remains disappointingly low in the EU-15 (and even lower for the EU-25). This study considers the problems related to the flexibility (and thus efficiency) of labour markets in Europe, which leave too many outside the job market and fail to match the unemployed with job opportunities. Key questions that arise are how flexibility can be increased and how private-sector actors can contribute to improving the performance of labour markets. Thus, the study researches the development of labour market participation across the EU according to different types of occupations, along with age, gender and skill groups, giving special attention to the characteristics of the jobs held by ‘marginal groups’ at the edge of mainstream employment. It examines the issues surrounding the mismatch between unemployed persons and unfilled jobs, the different approaches of member states in responding to market fluctuations and the contribution of the private sector to re-integrating long-term unemployed persons on the basis of a case study
The interaction of labor market regulation and labor market policies in welfare state reform
Full text link"Employment protection legislation, unemployment benefits and active labor market policy are Janus-faced institutions. On the one hand they are devices of insurance against labor market risk that provide income and employment security. On the other hand they influence the capacities of labor markets to adapt to changing economic conditions since institutional features of the welfare state also affect actors' economic adaptation strategies. Insufficient labor market adaptability results in higher and more persistent unemployment. Hence, in order to increase the adaptability of European labor markets, reforms had to address these closely interacting policy areas. The first aim of the paper is to describe recent reforms of employment protection, unemployment insurance and active labor market policies in different European welfare states (Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain and Germany). The paper shows whether and to what extent national policy patterns converge in the direction of a new balance of flexibility and security with employment protection being eased and labor market policies being 'activated' through a combination of 'carrots and sticks'. Secondly, in terms of the political economy of welfare state reforms, the paper will answer the question whether consistent reforms of the three institutions are more likely in political systems characterized by relative strong government and/or social partnership since such institutional prerequisites may favor 'package deals' across policy areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Sozialpolitik - Reform, Sozialstaat - internationaler Vergleich, Arbeitsschutzpolitik, Beschäftigungssicherung, Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialstaat, Regulierung, institutionelle Faktoren, politisches System, politischer Wandel, Dänemark, Schweden, Großbritannien, Schweiz, Niederlande, Spanien, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Firms’ Investment in the Presence of Labor and Financial Market Imperfections
Full text linkThis paper analyses how financial and labor market imperfections jointly influence investment. The contemporaneous presence of imperfections in both markets gives rise to a negative correlation between EPL and investment: firms facing negative shocks see their financial constraints worsen in countries with greater labor market rigidities. Internal funds have an overall positive impact on investment, notwithstanding the presence of labor market rigidities acts as a disincentive to the use internal funds for financing new projects. If capital is sunk and the legal environment favors ex-post profit appropriation by workers, firms use internal funds for ends alternative to fixed investment. Our results support the effort put forward by European institutions to reform both markets.Investment Models, Financing Constraints, Labor Protection Legislation, Panel Data Models
A New European Agenda for Labour Mobility. CEPS Task Force Reports No. 50, 1 April 2004
Full text linkAmong the big issues facing the EU is the declining working-age population and the effect this decline will have on our economies, businesses and social welfare systems. One way to address this issue is to promote labour mobility throughout the EU. The CEPS-ECHR (European Club for Human Resources) Task Force – chaired by Allan Larsson, former Director-General of DG Employment and Social Affairs – presents its recommendations for a more flexible and secure labour market in this report. As a result of its research, the Task Force calls for 1) focusing the Lisbon review on the resourcing of labour markets, 2) appointing a commissioner for mobility, 3) setting up an annual monitoring process in which leading countries in mobility policies are ‘named and famed’ and 4) strengthening corporate policies for mobility through a business network. Reactions and comments are invited from all interested parties, which will be made available on both the CEPS and ECHR websites
Caractéristiques individuelles, marchés du travail locaux et chômage en Pologne et en Bulgarie : l'apport des micro-données
No full text[eng] Individual characteristics, local lbaour markets, and unemployment in Bulgaria and Poland : lessons from micro-data Sandrine Cazes et Stefano Scarpetta Unemployment has a clear geographical dimension in central and eastern European countries. While unemployment rates are still well below 10 per cent in most capital cities and other major urban areas, they often exceed 20 per cent in rural areas and heavily industrialised sites. In these two areas, the unemployment pool is often dominated by persons who have been without work for prolonged periods and run the risk of leaving the labour market altogether instead of being re-integrated into work. Who are the unemployed in different regional contexts ? How labour market reforms introduced in most central and eastern European countries have affected unemployment flows ? This paper sheds some light on these issues by analysing individual records of people registered at the labour offices of two Polish regions and two Bulgarian regions. We considered different cohorts of individuals registering as unemployed in the last quarter of each year from 1990 to 1993. The analysis of unemployment inflows and outflows and the duration of the spells suggests a rather selective process of hirings and firings across regions and over time. Overall, unskilled or poorly educated workers have the highest probability of becoming unemployed and remai- ning without a job for a long period of time. In the two capitals (Warsaw and Sofia) women seem to be particularly affected by unemployment, while the limited number of job opportunities available in rural areas (Ciechanow, Poland) or in heavily industrialised sites (Botevgrad, Bulgaria) makes it very difficult for young new entrants into the labour market to find a job. Individual characteristics also play an important role in deter- mining the duration of the unemployment spell and, to some extent, the destination of the exit from unemployment (i.e. employment or inactivity). Women and unskilled workers account for the bulk of long-term unem- ployed everywhere, but in particular, in stagnant labour markets. Moreo- ver, the probability of moving from the unemployment status to inactivity increases rapidly with the duration of the spell : in the two Polish regions, more than a half of the outflows from unemployment among the long- term unemployed are to inactivity because of discouragement. The reforms of the unemployment benefit systems seem to have produced important effects on unemployment. On one hand, the introduction of more stringent eligibility conditions has contributed to reduce the share of entrants into unemployment who receive insurance benefits. Moreover, the reduction of the maximum duration of benefit entitlements has boosted outflows from unemployment, although in stagnant labour markets these flows include a large number of discouraged workers who leave the labour market. [fre] L'une des caractéristiques les plus frappantes du processus de transition en Europe centrale et orientale est la segmentation croissante du marché du travail : si le chômage touche plus particulièrement certains groupes sociaux, tels que les jeunes, les travailleurs peu qualifiés et les femmes, il varie aussi considérablement d'un marché du travail local à l'autre. Cette étude essaie, à partir d'une analyse descriptive basée sur des micro-données détaillées issues des fichiers administratifs des registres des agences locales pour l'emploi, d'évaluer l'ampleur de ces disparités régionales, ainsi que son évolution. Elle s'attache plus précisément à comprendre le fonctionnement de différents marchés du travail dans deux pays en transition, la Pologne et la Bulgarie, afin de saisir les ajustements qui s'effectuent au niveau local. Les régions choisies présentent de fortes disparités, tant en matière de performances économiques qu'en matière d'emploi. Les marchés du travail des deux capitales — Varsovie et Sofia — se caractérisent ainsi par des évolutions dynamiques et par des taux de chômage nettement inférieurs à la moyenne du pays. Ceux de Ciechanow, en Pologne (une région agricole peu développée) et de Botevgrad, en Bulgarie (une région fortement industrialisée) sont en revanche plutôt stagnants et le chômage y est particulièrement élevé. L'analyse des flux d'entrées, de la durée de chômage et des flux de sorties suggère que certaines catégories sont plus vulnérables que d'autres sur le marché du travail : les risques de se retrouver au chômage et d'en sortir semblent varier selon un certain nombre de caractéristiques individuelles, telles que le sexe, l'âge, le niveau d'études ou la durée passée au chômage et selon le contexte régional. En outre, les modifications apportées aux régimes d'indemnisation, au cours des trois années suivant le début de la transition, — notamment en matière de durée maximale d'indemnisation et de taux de compensation — semblent avoir eu une incidence sur ces risques. Aussi, même s'il est un peu tôt pour parler de persistance des disparités régionales, la diversité des processus d'ajustement du marché du travail semble justifier un ensemble de politiques de décentralisation, dans lesquelles devraient s'inscrire des programmes propres à l'emploi développant des stratégies de ciblage des populations les plus vulnérables sur le marché du travail.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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