1,045 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X221099493 – Supplemental material for Noninferiority Margin Size and Acceptance of Trial Results: Contingent Valuation Survey of Clinician Preferences for Noninferior Mortality
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X221099493 for Noninferiority Margin Size and Acceptance of Trial Results: Contingent Valuation Survey of Clinician Preferences for Noninferior Mortality by Sandra Pong, Robert A. Fowler, Nicholas Mitsakakis, Srinivas Murthy, Jeffrey M. Pernica, Elaine Gilfoyle, Asha Bowen, Patricia Fontela, Winnie Seto, Michelle Science, James S. Hutchison, Philippe Jouvet, Asgar Rishu and Nick Daneman in Medical Decision Making</p
Collective Improvisation: The Practice and Vision of Ingemar Lindh
No full textIngemar Lindh's research on the principles of collective improvisation and performance conceived as process announce an important development in the 20th-century tradition of the actor's work. After early studies with Étienne Decroux and working collaborations with Jerzy Grotowski, Eugenio Barba, and Yves Lebreton, Lindh founded the first laboratory theatre in Sweden in 1971, the Institutet för Scenkonst. His practice of collective improvisation is viewed in light of postdramatic concerns such as its resistance to fixed scores, directorial montage, and choreography as an organizing principle
An oration against the vnlawfull insurrections of the protestantes of our time, vnder pretence to refourme religion [electronic resource] : Made and pronounced in Latin, in the Schole of Artes at Louaine, the .xiij. of December. Anno. 1565. By Peter Frarin of Andwerp, M. of Arte, and Bacheler of both lawes. And now translated [by John Fowler] into English, with the aduise of the author.
No full textA translation, by John Fowler, of: Oratio Petri Frarini quod male reformandae religionis nomine arma sumpserunt sectarii nostri temporis habita.Has a verse summary with woodcuts at the end."The translatour to the gentle reader" signed: Ihon Fouler.Running title reads: Againste the vnlawful insurrections of the protestantes.Signatures: A-L.Reproduction of the original in the Bodleian Library.STC (2nd ed.)Allison & Rogers. Catholic Books, 344.Electronic reproduction
Characterisation of (R)-2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-(3-Methylpyridin-2-yl)Propanamide as a Dual Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase : Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor
No full textBackground Increased endocannabinoid tonus by dual-action fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and substrate selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors is a promising approach for pain-relief. One such compound with this profile is 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)propanamide (Flu-AM1). These activities are shown by Flu-AM1 racemate, but it is not known whether its two single enantiomers behave differently, as is the case towards COX-2 for the parent flurbiprofen enantiomers. Further, the effects of the compound upon COX-2-derived lipids in intact cells are not known. Methodology/Principal Findings COX inhibition was determined using an oxygraphic method with arachidonic acid and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) as substrates. FAAH was assayed in mouse brain homogenates using anandamide (AEA) as substrate. Lipidomic analysis was conducted in unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide + interferon gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Both enantiomers inhibited COX-2 in a substrate-selective and time-dependent manner, with IC50 values in the absence of a preincubation phase of: (R)-Flu-AM1, COX-1 (arachidonic acid) 6 mu M; COX-2 (arachidonic acid) 20 mu M; COX-2 (2-AG) 1 mu M; (S)-Flu-AM1, COX-1 (arachidonic acid) 3 mu M; COX-2 (arachidonic acid) 10 mu M; COX-2 (2-AG) 0.7 mu M. The compounds showed no enantiomeric selectivity in their FAAH inhibitory properties. (R)-Flu-AM1 (10 mu M) greatly inhibited the production of prostaglandin D2 and E2 in both unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide + interferon.-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Levels of 2-AG were not affected either by (R)-Flu-AM1 or by 10 mu M flurbiprofen, either alone or in combination with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 mu M). Conclusions/Significance Both enantiomers of Flu-AM1 are more potent inhibitors of 2-AG compared to arachidonic acid oxygenation by COX-2. Inhibition of COX in lipopolysaccharide + interferon.-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells is insufficient to affect 2-AG levels despite the large induction of COX-2 produced by this treatment
Estudio de las complicaciones perianulares en la endocarditis infecciosa. Análisis de aspectos clínicos, microbiológicos, ecocardiográficos, terapéuticos y pronósticos en pacientes con abscesos perianulares y fístulas aorto-cavitarias en la endocarditis complicada.
No full text[spa] La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es una enfermedad potencialmente muy grave, que puede llegar a ser mortal sin tratamiento, cuyo pronóstico ha experimentado una gran mejoría en las ultimas décadas. Este importante cambio en la historia natural de la enfermedad se ha reflejado en una progresiva disminución de la morbi-mortalidad, sobretodo gracias al uso de potentes antibióticos y al empleo de las técnicas quirúrgicas de reparación valvular. La EI es la infección del endotelio de las válvulas cardiacas por gérmenes patógenos. La elevada morbi-mortalidad de la EI se debe a la destrucción que se produce en las válvulas y los tejidos circundantes, debido a la particular anatomía valvular que impide la correcta difusión de los antibióticos al interior de las vegetaciones valvulares. La EI tenía en la era-preantibiótica una mortalidad del 100%. El gran descenso en la mortalidad se ha producido en las últimas tres décadas, con el desarrollo de la cirugía cardiaca y la posibilidad de efectuar recambios valvulares. Con la introducción de la ecocardiografía se han podido visualizar por primera vez mediante un método incruento las vegetaciones valvulares. El desarrollo de esta técnica de imagen ha sido fundamental y en la actualidad tiene un papel clave en el diagnóstico y manejo de esta entidad ya que permite estudiar con gran detalle la anatomía cardiaca. En la actualidad, la mortalidad por EI sobre válvula nativa en fase aguda oscila entre el 20% y el 30% y la supervivencia a los 10 años de seguimiento se sitúa entre el 70% y el 80%. El pronóstico de la EI depende de un gran número de variables. Las complicaciones perianulares en la endocarditis infecciosa representan la extensión de la infección más allá de las estructuras valvulares y representan una de las complicaciones más importantes en esta enfermedad. La formación de lesiones perianulares se asocia a un pronóstico desfavorable, con elevada mortalidad. La formación de fístulas aorto-cavitarias en la endocarditis sólo se ha descrito de forma ocasional en la endocarditis y, por ello, se desconocen sus características clínicas y sus factores pronósticos de mortalidad.La hipótesis del estudio es que la presencia de complicaciones graves en la EI (desarrollo de abscesos perianulares y fístulas aorto-cavitarias) detectadas por ecocardiografía se asocia a un incremento significativo de la morbi-mortalidad. El análisis de las características clínicas y pronósticas permitiría identificar los parámetros asociados a un curso desfavorable; de esta forma podrían redefinirse las líneas de actuación (fundamentalmente quirúrgicas) encaminadas a un abordaje más temprano en pacientes seleccionados, con más posibilidades de reconstrucción completa y erradicación de la infección. Identificar estas variables permitiría, en definitiva, aumentar la supervivencia a corto y medio plazo de los casos de EI complicada.Los objetivos de este estudio son: determinar las características clínicas y el pronóstico de los pacientes con abscesos perianulares íntegros y de pacientes con fistulización aorto-cavitaria en la endocarditis y determinar el impacto sobre el pronóstico de la aparición de fistulización aorto-cavitaria en la endocarditis complicada con lesiones perianulares.Se han publicado varios estudios multicéntricos con el objetivo de reclutar una gran serie de pacientes con complicaciones perianulares y poder estudiar con detalle las características clínicas de estas complicaciones y poder analizar sus factores pronósticos de mortalidad.ARTICULOS PUBLICADOSARTICULO 1:Anguera I, Quaglio G, Miró JM, Paré C, Azqueta M, Marco F, Mestres CA, Moreno A, Pomar JL, Mezzelani JL, Sanz G. Acquired aortocardiac fistulas complicating infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:652-654. Impact factor (2005) : 3.14ARTICULO 2:Anguera I, Miro JM, Vilacosta I, Almirante B, Anguita M, Muñoz P, San Roman JA, de Alarcón A, Ripoll T, Navas E, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Cabell CH, Sarriá C, Garcia-Bolao I, Fariñas MC, Leta R, Rufi G, Miralles F, Pare C, Evangelista A, Fowler Jr VG, Mestres CA, de Lazzari E, Guma JR. Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation in infective endocarditis. Clinical and echocardiographic features of 76 cases and risk factors for mortality. Eur Heart J 2005;26:288-297. Impact factor (2005) : 6.25ARTICULO 3: Anguera I, Miro JM, Evangelista A, Cabell CH, San Roman JA, Vilacosta, Almirante B, Ripoll T, Fariñas MC, Anguita M, Navas E, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Garcia-Bolao I, Muñoz P, de Alarcón A, Sarriá C, Rufi G, Miralles F, Pare C, Fowler Jr VG, Mestres CA, de Lazzari E, Guma JR, Corey GR. Prognostic factors of mortality of Periannular complications in infective endocarditis. A multicenter cohort study of 351 patients with aorto-cavitary fistulae and non-ruptured periannular abscess (1992-2003). Am J Cardiol 2005 (en revisión editorial).ARTICULO 4: Anguera I, Miro JM, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Fowler VG, Hoen B, Olaison L, Stafford JA, Eykyn S, Habib G, Pare C, Wang A, Corey R and the ICE-MD Investigators. Characteristics of aortic periannular abscesses studied with transesophageal echocardiography. A report from the ICE-ME database. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:976-981. Impact factor (2005) : 3.14Como resultado de este estudio, puede concluirse que la fistulización aorto-cavitaria es una complicación infrecuente de la endocarditis infecciosa, que se asocia a una extensa destrucción tisular a nivel del anillo aórtico y a la presencia de abscesos perianulares. La ecocardiografía transesofágica es la técnica de elección para la detección y el estudio de las fístulas aorto-cavitarias. La aparición de insuficiencia cardiaca grave es frecuente en estos pacientes, y a pesar del tratamiento quirúrgico agresivo la mortalidad es elevada. La infección protésica, la cirugía urgente y el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardiaca son los factores pronósticos independientes de mortalidad en los pacientes con fístulas aorto-cavitarias en la endocarditis. La formación de fístulas aorto-cavitarias se asocia a un mayor grado de destrucción anular aórtica y con mayor frecuencia de desarrollo de insuficiencia cardiaca en comparación con los abscesos no fistulizados. Ambas complicaciones requieren con mucha frecuencia tratamiento quirúrgico y tienen una elevada mortalidad, pero la fistulización no constituye un factor pronóstico independiente de mortalidad, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. La formación de abscesos perianulares es frecuente en la endocarditis de localización aórtica, se asocia frecuentemente con infección estafilocócica, y tiene una elevada morbi-mortalidad. La infección estafilocócica es un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes que desarrollan abscesos perianulares a nivel aórtico.[eng] Title: "The study of periannular complications in infective endocarditis. Analysis of clinical, microbiological, echocardiographic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of patients with non-ruptured periannular abscesses and with aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation in IE"Infective endocarditis (IE) is a devastating disease associated with high death rates without appropriate treatment. The prognosis of IE has changed dramatically during the last three decades due to the use of potent antibiotics and the generalization of surgical therapies of valve repair. Infective endocarditis is characterized by the infection of the endothelium of cardiac valves caused by virulent organisms, and the elevated morbidity and mortality is produced by the destruction of valvular tissue and adjacent structures. In the modern era, one-year mortality of native valve IE is in the range of 20% - 30%, and 10-year survival is in the range of 70%-80%. Spread of infection in IE from valvular structures to the surrounding perivalvular tissue results in periannular complications. Periannular complications, including periannular abscess formation and aorto-cavitary fistulous (ACF) tract formation have not been adequately studied, and may place the patient at increased risk of adverse outcomes including heart failure (HF) and death. Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation has only been described occasionally.The main objectives of the present investigation were to investigate the clinical characteristics and the prognosis of patients with non-ruptured periannular abscesses and with aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation in IE and to determine the prognostic impact of fistulization in patients with periannular lesions in the setting of IE.Several manuscripts including a large number of patients with periannular lesions have been published describing the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of mortality of patients with periannular lesions in IE.Aorto-cavitary fistula is an uncommon complication of aortic IE associated with extensive aortic root destruction and presence of periannular abscesses. Transesophageal echocardiography is the diagnostic tool of choice for the detection of aorto-cavitary fistulae in both native and prosthetic valves. Despite aggressive surgical treatment, rates of heart failure and mortality are high. Prosthetic IE, urgent surgery and the development of heart failure were associated with an increased risk of death in patients with endocarditis complicated by fistulous tract formation. ACF formation in the course of IE is associated with higher rates of aortic annulus destruction and heart failure compared to non-ruptured abscess. Surgery and mortality rates for both complications were very high; however, despite the higher complications, ACF in the current era of high rates of surgical therapy was not an independent risk factor for mortality.Periannular abscess formation occurs frequently in aortic valve IE, is associated with staphylococcal etiology, and has a high morbidity and mortality. In the current era of TEE imaging and high use of surgical treatment periannular abscess formation in aortic valve IE is not an independent risk factor for mortality. Finally, S. aureus infection constitutes an independent prognostic factor for mortality in patients who develop an abscess
Early ultrasonographic changes in Fowler syndrome features and review of the literature
No full textBackground: Fowler syndrome is characterized by hydranencephaly, brain stem and basal ganglion calcifications, a glomeruloid vasculopathy of the brain vessels, and a fetal akinesia deformation sequence with muscular hypoplasia. The natural progression of the ultrasonographic features of Fowler syndrome has never been described. Methods: Case report and review of the literature. Results: A primiparous woman with a negative ultrasound at 11 weeks of pregnancy was noted at 15 weeks to have fetal nuchal thickening, generalized skin edema, prominent lateral ventricles, akinesia with arthrogryposis, and pterygia. At 18 weeks, a cystic hygroma with facial edema, hypertelorism, and hydrocephaly were noted; the limb deformity was still evident. Within 1 week, the cystic hygroma regressed partially, but the hydrocephaly deteriorated. Conclusion: The multiple ultrasonographic features of Fowler syndrome may not occur simultaneously and their severity may vary with gestational age. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Castro-Gago M, 2001, J CHILD NEUROL, V16, P858, DOI 10.1177-08830738010160111401; FOWLER M, 1972, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V14, P173; Halder Ashutosh, 2003, Indian Pediatr, V40, P418; HARDING BN, 1995, NEUROPATH APPL NEURO, V21, P61, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2990.1995.tb01029.x; HARPER C, 1983, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V25, P232; Laurichesse-Delmas H, 2002, ULTRASOUND OBST GYN, V20, P612, DOI 10.1046-j.1469-0705.2002.00830.x; NORMAN MG, 1988, PEDIATR NEUROSCI, V14, P301, DOI 10.1159-000120409; Witters I, 2003, ULTRASOUND OBST GYN, V21, P411, DOI 10.1002-uog.123; Witters I, 2002, AM J MED GENET, V113, P23, DOI 10.1002-ajmg.10698; Witters I, 2002, AM J MED GENET, V108, P41, DOI 10.1002-ajmg.10208116
Broad roads in a thin country - infrastructure concessions in Chile
No full textTo increase investment in infrastructure, in the early 1990s Chile's government introduced private capital into the transport infrastructure sector, covering roads and highways, bridges, tunnels, and airports. The chosen mechanism: a concession scheme through which private firms would finance and build a given project and then operate the infrastructure for a set of number of years, recovering their investment by collecting tolls from users. Among the lessons learned from the experience: 1) As much as possible, avoid concessioning roads for which there are convenient alternative freeways nearby. 2) Choose the right variable for awarding a concession. Avoid mechanisms that (by promoting large payments to the state or short-term concession periods) encourage high tolls, and if you choose to award a concession to the firm charging the lowest tolls, place a floor and ceiling on possible bids. The floor is to guarantee the concession's financial viability; the ceiling is to prevent inefficient traffic diversions. Ties at either end should be resolved by a second variable, such as the level of transfers between the state and the firm. 3) Allow downward toll flexibility so that the concessionaire can react to unexpectedly low traffic flows, especially for certain types of vehicles. 4) Pay special attention to the tendering mechanism and to the general incentive structure. There are limits to the pure least-present-value-of-revenue (LPVR) auction, but income guarantees do enhance liquidity. In fact, a minimum-income guarantee through an LPVR auction is an instrument for credit enhancement, not income support. Alternatively, some form of financial innovation should be encouraged to make debt service commitments more flexible. 5) If concessions are tendered by traditional methods and income guarantees will be given, cover only a fraction of the concessionaire's expected income stream, to reduce the state's financial exposure and to improve the incentives to the concessionaire. 6) Make the contracts as complete as possible but allow for later modifications or renegotiations, and include a well-designed dispute resolution mechanism.Banks&Banking Reform,Roads&Highways,Decentralization,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Roads&Highways,Airports and Air Services,Banks&Banking Reform,Toll Roads
Scranton, Penn. 1890.
No full textPerspective map not drawn to scale.Bird's-eye-view.LC Panoramic maps (2nd ed.), 844Indexed for points of interest
Gymnocorymbus bondi Fowler 1911
No full textGymnocorymbus bondi (Fowler, 1911) Fig. 10, Table 3 Phenacogaster bondi Fowler, 1911: 419. Type locality: “Corisal, Venezuela ”. Moenkhausia profunda Eigenmann, 1912. Type locality: “Cloaca trenches, Issorora Rubber Plantation” (Guyana). Gymnocorymbus socolofi Géry, 1964: 25. Type locality: “about 200 miles east of Bogotá, Colombia, in the upper Río Meta drainage”. Diagnosis. Gymnocorymbus bondi is distinguished from all congeners by the number of gill rakers on lower limb of the first branchial arch (11–12 vs. 13–16 in congeners). Gymnocorymbus bondi differs from G. ternetzi and G. flaviolimai by the number of scale rows covering the base of the anal fin (2–4 vs. 5–6, respectively); by the shape of the distal margin of the anal fin (straight vs. strongly convex, respectively; Fig. 10); and by the number of pelvicfin rays (i, 7 vs. i, 6, respectively). It further differs from G. ternetzi by the form of the teeth in the inner premaxillary tooth row (with four to five cusps vs. three cusps, respectively; Figs. 7–8); by the overall color pattern (lack of a dense field of dark chromatophores spread homogeneously over the posterior one half of the body vs. the presence of such pigmentation, respectively) and by the shape of the first humeral mark (the presence of a wider densely pigmented region above the lateral line vs. the absence of such pigmented region, respectively; Fig. 6). Description. Morphometric data for Gymnocorymbus bondi are summarized in Table 3. Deep body with greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head concave. Dorsal profile of body strongly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin base posteroventrally slanted. Profile straight or slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to end of adipose fin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, anal-fin base posterodorsally slanted, and concave along caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region transversally flattened, more so proximate to pelvicfin insertion. Postpelvic region transversally flattened proximate to pelvic-fin insertion, becoming somewhat obtuse toward anal-fin origin. Supraoccipital process elongate; tip extends beyond vertical through posterior margin of opercle. Mouth terminal. Maxillar extending beyond vertical through anterior margin of orbit nearly to vertical through middle of orbit. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with four tricuspidate teeth with central cusps longest; inner tooth row with five teeth with four cusps (in the asymmetrical symphyseal tooth) or five cusps with central cusps longest. Maxillar with one pentacuspidate teeth. Dentary bearing five teeth with five cusps; central cusps usually longest, followed by one to three small teeth, with one to three cusps. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (10) or i, 11,i* (67). Tip of pectoral fin extends beyond mid-length of adpressed pelvic fin. Adipose fin present. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7; tip of adpressed fin reaching first branched anal-fin ray. Anal-fin rays iv, 32 (15), 33 * (23), 34 (21), 35 (13) or 36 (5). Caudal fin forked. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 17,i. Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, 34 (13), 35 * (26) or 36 (35). Scale rows between lateral line and dorsalfin origin 7 (4), 8 * (60) or 9 (9). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 7 (2), 8 * (62), 9 (1) or 10 (1). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 (2) or 15 * (21). Scales in sheath along anal-fin base in 2–4 series; sheath extending posteriorly to around 27 th or 28 th branched anal-fin ray. Moenkhausia profunda, and Gymnocorymbus socolofi; * = holotype. N P. bondi * M. profunda * G. socolofi * Range Mean Percentage of head length Snout length 85 25.8 27.6 24.6 22.7–29.6 25.2 Upper jaw length 78 37.3 – – 34.2–41.8 38.7 Horizontal orbital diameter 85 39.4 42.7 39.1 39.3–43.4 41.0 Least interorbital width 85 37.3 39.2 33.8 32 - 6–42.3 36.0 First gill arch with 9 * (55) gill rakers on upper limb and 11 * (52) or 12 (3) gill rakers on lower limb. Total vertebrae 33 *, supraneurals 4 or 5 * (observed in holotype via radiograph). Color in alcohol. Overall coloration yellow tan. Field of dark chromatophores covers both lips and dorsal over third of maxilla. Infraorbital and opercular series silvery due to the presence of guanine pigmentation. Vertical dark stripe as wide as pupil crossing the eye. Dark chromatophores more densely concentrated along entire dorsal midline. Sparse field of dark chromatophores dorsal of horizontal skeletogenous septum continuous with second humeral mark. Two conspicuous vertical dark humeral marks, anteriormost more conspicuous. Anterior humeral mark located over second to fourth lateral-line scales and extending vertically over five horizontal scale rows above and four to five horizontal scale rows below lateral line. Posterior humeral mark located over ninth to twelfth lateral line scales and extending vertically over six horizontal scale rows above and four to five horizontal scale rows below lateral line. Dorsal halves of both humeral marks wider and more densely pigmented; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins more densely pigmented along distal margins. Paired fins and caudal fin with few dark dispersed chromatophores, more so on unbranched rays. Adipose fin sparsely pigmented, more so along its dorsal border (Fig. 10). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males of Gymnocorymbus bondi (LBP 2274) were identified through direct observation of their gonads. These specimens did not demonstrate small bony hooks on the anterior anal-fin rays, a secondary sexually dimorphic character often found in many species in the Characidae (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003).The absence of bony hooks in mature males can be additionally used to diagnose G. bondi from all congeners. Distribution. Gymnocorymbus bondi is endemic from the Río Orinoco basin in Colombia and Venezuela (Fig. 9). Phillip et al. (2013) listed G. bondi in their checklist of fishes from Trinidad and Tobago. However, we were unable to examine those vouchers in order to confirm that report. Moenkhausia profunda was described probably from the Aruka river, an independent river close to the border of Guyana and Venezuela. Remarks. Examinations of type specimens of Phenacogaster bondi Fowler, 1911 (holotype, ANSP 37863 and paratype, ANSP 37864) and Gymnocorymbus socolofi Géry, 1964 (holotype, USNM 198646) leaded Lima et al. (2003) (section of Gymnocorymbus written by the first author) to conclude that they constitute the same species, and the new combination, G. bondi (Fowler, 1911), was then formally proposed. Examination of holotype of Moenkhausia profunda (FMNH 53717) evidenced it is a junior synonym of G. bondi instead of G. thayeri, as proposed by Géry (1972). Material examined. Types: ANSP 37863, holotype of Phenacogaster bondi, 33.5 mm SL, Corisal, Venezuela, 27 Feb 1911, F.E. Bond & S. Brown. ANSP 37864, paratype of P. bondi, 29.9 mm SL, collected with the holotype. USNM 198646, holotype of Gymnocorymbus socolofi, 52.2 mm SL, Colombia, Río Manacacias into upper Río Meta at Restrepo, circa 200 miles E of Bogotá, Jun 1963, R. Socolof. ANSP 139711, paratype of G. socolofi, 26.1 mm SL, collected with holotype. FMNH 53717, holotype of Moenkhausia profunda, 39.0 mm SL, Issorora rubber plantation, probably from the Aruka river, Guyana, E. S. Shideler. Non-types: 110 specimens, 84 measured (25.1 –53.0 mm SL). Venezuela: ANSP 141571, 25, 25.1–43.7 mm SL, Bolivar, isolated lagoon 200 yd N of Jabillal. ANSP 159884, 2, not measured, caño 15.1 km E of Río Parguaza ferry crossing on Caicara-Puerto Ayacucho highway. ANSP 159885, 6, 1 c&s, 37.6-48.9 mm SL, Río Guacamayo, 100 to 600 m below bridge at crossing Caicara, Río Orinoco. ANSP 159889, 9, 34.3–51.6 mm SL, Morichal Merecure, 3.5 km E of Río Caura and 1.0 km N of Caicara. ANSP 159890, 14, 28.5–40.8 mm SL, Bolivar, flooded pasture along Caicara -Puerto Ayacucho highway, 33 km from E end of highway to Colombia. ANSP 161048, 2, not measured, Río Agua Blanca, Orinoco. ANSP 165453, 22, not measured, Apure, S. Fernando Apure, flooded savannah, Río Apure, Río Orinoco. LBP 2274, 3, 29.0– 50.6 mm SL, Bolívar, Caicara del Orinoco, Río Caño (Pelo Ojo), 7 ° 32 ’ 22.4 ”N 66 °08’ 29.2 ”W. LBP 2281, 2, 26.5–28.5 mm SL, Bolívar, Caicara del Orinoco, Río Orinoco, 7 ° 30 ’01.2”N 66 °08’ 14.4 ”W. LBP 2296, 1, 32.3 mm SL, Bolívar, Caicara del Orinoco, Río Orinoco, 7 ° 39 ’06.3”N 66 ° 10 ’ 34.2 ”W. MZUSP 96436, 3, 26.6–51.4 mm SL, Bolívar, Caicara del Orinoco, Río Orinoco, 7 ° 32 ’ 22.2 ”N 66 °08’ 29 ”W. FMNH 100148, 2, 40.2– 42.5 mm SL, Guárico, Río Portuguesa, Laguna Los Noreles Caño Falcón, Río Orinoco. MCZ 59648, 1, 29.6 mm SL, Delta Amacuro, Río Pena. MCZ 92879, 1, 32.4 mm SL, Guárico, Llanos, Caño Falcón, Río Portuguesa, Río Orinoco. USNM 260628, 8, 36.8–42.7 mm SL, Apure, Caño Caicara, where crossed by bridge on road from Montecal. Colombia: LBP 18665, 1, 38.4 mm SL, Guaviare-Meta, Río Cunimía, Río Guaviare, Río Orinoco, 3 ° 10 ’30.0”N 73 ° 39 ’41.0”W. LBP 18736, 2, 39.6–43.1 mm SL, Vista Hermosa-Meta, Caño Cunimia, Río Guaviare, Río Orinoco, 3 ° 10 ’28.0”N 73 ° 39 ’ 43 ”. NRM 41441, 10, 1 c&s, 31.2 –53.0 mm SL, Laguna Santa Clara, tributary to Río Ocoa, ca. 5 km S of Villavicencio, 4 ° 04’ 11.6 ”N 73 ° 41 ’ 38 ” (approximately).Published as part of Benine, Ricardo C., Melo, Bruno F., Castro, Ricardo M. C. & Oliveira, Claudio, 2015, Taxonomic revision and molecular phylogeny of Gymnocorymbus Eigenmann, 1908 (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae), pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 3956 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28845
The sense of a beginning : Bakhtinian dialogic criticism on 'the gospel' in Mark.
No full textContemporary literary approaches have caused paradigm shifts in Biblical Studies in the last two decades as it appears in a great deal of Markan studies using narrative, reader-response, deconstructive, feminist, and new historicist approaches. However, literary studies on the Gospel of Mark have not taken into account theoretical questions underlying those approaches. As a result biblical critics are driven by new trends without ever having a chance to examine the critical baggage of the approaches. Consequently, there is a gap of communication between the old and the new one. Therefore this thesis is an attempt to meet the need of enhancing the quality of critical endeavour in biblical studies. In the light of most recent competing critical theories of literature, the first contribution of this thesis is the methodological finding that Bakhtinian dialogic criticism contains the most profound philosophical and practical foundations for solving some crucial theoretical problems in contemporary literary theories. It is a critique to a Saussurian linguistic system of language which becomes the very foundation of modern and postmodern literary criticism. Bakhtinian literary theory shifts the foundation of literary criticism on linguistic signs into the creative activity of the socio-cultural production of human communication. The shift into socio-cultural reality of language communication makes the notion of 'genre' very important to unlock the problem of text and context in literary studies. Since the Gospel of Mark has fascinated most literary critics in Biblical Studies, the problem of 'genre' of this gospel is chosen as the focus of this study. Secondly, as no agreement is reached as to what 'genre' the Gospel of Mark belongs, this thesis makes its contribution to the discussion by locating the problem of 'genre' of Mark in the context of genre theories and argues that the Bakhtinian suggestion to find genre in the socio-cultural sphere by analysing artistic intercourse between narrative agents in Mark has freed the competing analysis from the unresolved problem between the kerygmatic (content oriented) approach and the analogical (form oriented) approach. To achieve finding 'genre' in the socio-cultural sphere, this thesis focuses on Bakhtinian analysis of the process of artistic intercourse between narrative agents. The narrative communicative interrelationships between narrative agents is constructed in this thesis as a 'stereophonic' Bakhtinian model of dialogic communication. This model is an original contribution of this thesis for revising the traditional two dimensional model of narrative communication. Based on this dialogical model of communication, a special role is given to the Bakhtinian 'author-creator' in the realization process of genre through the interaction of polyphonic voices. Through the interaction of voices of the author-artist and the hero we are led to discover a relatively stable type of portraying and controlling reality in Mark, known as the genre of Roman 'satire'. The closest literary affinity is Satyrica by Petronius. This narrative strategy of 'satire' in Mark has its root in the prophetic discourse of the Old Testament which is saturating the speech of the narrator, John the Immerser, the centurion, the people, and even Jesus. Finally, the whole search for Markan 'genre' culminates in the analysis of the realization of genre through the analysis of Bakhtinian chronotope. The reality of the genre of Mark is its social reality that is in its role as dpxrj/ 'beginning'. As the Gospel of Mark proclaims itself as 'a beginning', it defines its claim of socio-cultural 'authority' in early Christianity. It is this 'sense of beginning' which enables the narrating and the narrated world of Mark to interact dialogically
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