1,721,013 research outputs found
La villa imperial de Potosí. Wirtschaftliche, politische und kulturelle Verflechtungen einer frühneuzeitlichen Weltstadt im Hochandenraum (16.-17. Jahrhundert)
No full textDie Minenstadt Potosí, auf 4000 Metern im kargen Hochgebirge des heutigen Bolivien gelegen, erreichte in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts eine Bevölkerungszahl von 160.000 und war damit eine der größten Städte weltweit. Angesichts seiner reichhaltigen Silbervorkommen entwickelte sich der Silberberg ab der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts zum Lebensnerv der kolonialen Wirtschaft und zum Inbegriff imperialer Machtfülle der Spanischen Monarchie. Der Aufsatz untersucht zunächst die Entfaltung der miteinander verwobenen südamerikanischen, transatlantischen und globalen Handelsbeziehungen. Anschließend wird die Entwicklung und Verwaltung der europäische Siedler, amerikanische Ureinwohner und afrikanische Sklaven bevölkernden Kolonialgesellschaft untersucht. In einem letzten Schritt werden Architektur und Kunstschaffen in der Stadt als Zeugnisse transkultureller Verflechtung dargestellt.The mining town of Potosí, located at an altitude of 4000 meters in a rugged landscape of the Bolivian Andes, reached a population of 160.000 during the first half of the 17th century and was therefore one of the largest cities in the world. Due to its rich deposits of silver, the mine became the lifeblood of the colonial economy and the imperial reputation of the Spanish Monarchy. Firstly, this paper addresses Potosí’s role in the unfolding of close-knit commercial ties in South America, the transatlantic trade and the global economy. Secondly, it portrays the development and administration of the colonial society, composed of European settlers, indigenous people, and African slaves. Thirdly, the city’s architecture and art production will be examined as witnesses of transcultural entanglements
Onkraj individualnog: intelektualci renesansne Dalmacije kao društveno-funkcionalna skupina
No full textThis essay offers insights into Renaissance Dalmatia’s intellectual elites by focusing, first, on individual experiences to derive, second, general trends about their socio-economic group behaviour. While these include known individuals like Brne Karnarutić, Federik Grisogono, and Šime Budinić, the author argues that we should also include their less-prominent neighbours to arrive at a fuller understanding of their activities throughout, and in some cases beyond, the Venetian Adriatic, thereby revealing new insights into the private lives of Dalmatia’s intellectuals, including interpersonal and spatial ties. Based on original research of primary sources preserved in the Croatian State Archives in Zadar, new insights into a field of research dominated by Renaissance Dalmatia’s urban elites are gained by widening the scope of enquiry and by including differentiations such as class, education, and gender to identify behavioural patterns.Rad nudi uvide u intelektualne elite Dalmacije fokusirajući se na (1) individualna iskustva kako bi se preko njih stiglo do zapažanja o (2) općim trendovima njihova ponašanja kao socioekonomske skupine. I dok ona uključuje poznate pojedince poput Brne Karnarutića, Federika Grisogona i Šime Budinića, autor smatra da treba uključiti i njihove manje istaknute susjede kako bi se postiglo potpunije razumijevanje njihovih aktivnosti po cijelome mletačkom Jadranu, a ponekad i izvan njega, pri čemu se dolazi do novih uvida u privatne živote dalmatinskih intelektualaca, uključujući i njihove međuosobne i prostorne veze. Novi uvidi u istraživačko područje kojim dominiraju gradske elite renesansne Dalmacije stečeni su na osnovi istraživanja primarnih izvora koji se čuvaju u Državnom arhivu u Zadru te počivaju na širenju istraživačkog opsega i uključivanju razlikovnih elemenata kao što su klasa, obrazovanje i spol kako bi se identificirali obrasci ponašanja
Crime, Enlightenment, and Punishment
Full text linkThis book studies the social consequences of bureaucratic and scientific change during the transition to modern states and societies in the Age of Enlightenment, as it explores how the Habsburg Empire deployed new ways and means to integrate existing structures into supra-regional systems of order. Exemplarily focused on Lower Austria, the book ties together the bustling imperial capital of Vienna and its hinterlands, where there was little economic, political, and social change before 1850. Previously unused archival materials such as administrative paperwork and printed wanted notes, in combination with published educational and legal texts, allow for the analysis of how bureaucratic procedures, social norms, and scientific change contributed to increasing exchange between Vienna, regional hubs such as Krems and Zwettl, and individual seigneurial holdings. Conceiving of these dynamics as a patchwork-in-progress, this study investigates state-making dynamics by transposing centralising norms and practices into everyday administration. It looks carefully at the intersections of local/central authority, offering a way beyond binary centre-periphery assumptions. This volume will be of interest to scholars of the history of state-making in and beyond Europe. Its up-to-date discussion of the pertinent historiography will also be useful for undergraduate and graduate students and teachers of comparative politics
State (De-) Formation in Practice: Bohemian Fiscal-Financial Arrangements during the War of the Spanish Succession, in Rethinking Europe: War and Peace in Early Modern German Lands, eds. Gerhild Williams, Sigrun Haude, and Christian Schneider (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 315-40
No full textThis essay focuses on the consequences of fiscal-financial arrangements during the War of the Spanish Succession. Using the example of Bohemia in the Habsburg mon- archy, I demonstrate that taxation and borrowing had integrative as well as disintegra- tive consequences, which come into view only from a perspective outside the court and when reconstructed from below the social elites. This essay’s focus on local actors and regional interlinkages offers new insights and a complementary perspective to the established field of state formation
Composite Domination and State Formation, 1650–1700: Manorialism and the Fiscal-Financial-Mililtary Constitution in Habsburg Bohemia
No full textThis essay examines the consequences of the wars of Leopold I. Whereas the diffusion of the “fiscal-military state” thesis transformed our understanding of central institutions over the past three decades, most studies focusing on early modern state development employ top-down perspectives. By contrast, I am interested in the interlinkages of war and taxation on the regional and local levels in one of the monarchy’s core lands, Bohemia, and how they relate to the ongoing processes of centralisation. Based on the premise that individual actions and structural developments entail differing consequences for central institutions and the geographically more remote areas, this essay argues that state integration in the centre was accompanied by decreasing of cohesion on and control over the lower administrative levels. The Eggenberg possessions around Krumau serve as the basis for an in-depth case study, out of which emerges that the establishment of the Habsburgs’ fiscal-financial-military regime led to added, not reduced institutional complexity due to the composite nature of traditional patrimonial domination, or Herrschaft
Staats-Desintegration in Praxis: Krieg, Kredit und Steuern in Böhmen unter Joseph I.
No full textThis essay investigates the unknown episode of the fiscal-financial history of Bohemia during the reign of Joseph I (1705–1711) and considers its disintegrative consequences. These events played out against the background of the – well-known – role of the Jewish “court factors” of Leopold I. At the height of War of the Spanish Succession, the emperor found himself threatened by the French and by the Rákóczi-led Hungarian War of Independence in the east. With empty state coffers, Joseph in 1706/07 turned to the Bohemian diet and proposed to negotiate a loan of 1,333,333 gulden with a consortium of Jewish bankers from Würzburg and Frankfurt am Main, which was to be underwritten by future tax revenues. In exchange the Bohemian diet conferred upon the financiers the right to collect the outstanding sums. This de facto ‘outsourcing’ of royal prerogatives to a third (foreign) party led to a series of entanglements and disputes, which are investigated from the perspectice of the Eggenberg domains in Southern Bohemia. Reconstructing the interrelated consequences that tied together Prague, Würzburg, and Český Krumlov, this episode offers insights into into the little-known realities of the fiscal-financial activities of the Bohemian diet around 1700
Mobilität und Reisetätigkeit im venezianischen Adriaraum zwischen den Seeschlachten bei Preveza und Lepanto [Mobility and Migration in the Venetian Adriatic between the Battles of Preveza (1538) and Lepanto (1571)]
No full textThis essay surveys communication flows across the Mediterranean, in particular across the Adriatic during the 16th century. By analysing a type of contract that has all but escaped scholarly so far – procura contracts – questions pertaining to migratory patters, communication flows, and directions of travelling are addressed. Despite their relative uniformity and the variety of useful information they contain, such procura contracts from the capital of Venice's Dalmatian possessions, Zadar/Zara, are analysed. In many instances this particular kind of contract contains geographical, economic, religious, and/or social provenances of the stipulating parties as well as the destinations of the appointees. Thus procura contracts are imminently suitable for both quantitative and qualitative network analysis
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