1,720,988 research outputs found
The effects of age and training prescription on the acute responses to training in young Italian Rugby Union players
No full textEFFECTS OF AGE AND TRAINING PRESCRIPTION ON THE ACUTE
RESPONSES TO TRAINING IN YOUNG ITALIAN RUGBY UNION
PLAYERS
S. Spinabelli, F. Nigro, S. Marcora
Department for Life Quality Studies; Bologna Alma Studiorum University,
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; Bologna Alma Studiorum University
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the moderating effect of age on the internal training load and acute responses to two different training prescriptions in young rugby union players
Methods: We measured the acute responses to High Intensity Training (HI)
and Low Intensity Training (LI) in three groups (U15 n = 8, U17 n = 10 and
U19 n = 9) of young Italian rugby players. HI training consisted of breakdown
and wrestling activity alternating with aerobic power exercise, with small-sided games at the end, while training LI consisted entirely of small-sided
games with non-contact for technical and tactical objectives, both ninety
minutes total. The two training workouts were part of the normal weekly
training routine. The following validated questionnaires were used to monitor
the acute training effects: Rating of Perceived Effort scale (RPE), Total
Quality Recovery scale (TQR), Main and Grove (MG) questionnaire that
monitors training distress in athletes, Fatigue (FAT) and Fatigability (FAB)
scales. Repeated measure analysis of variance (2x3 ANOVA) was used to
analyze RPE, FAT and FAB with respect to Age and Training type, while a
2x2x3 mixed ANOVA was used for MG and TQR questionnaires to further
analyze the interactions of Time, Age and Training type. All post hoc analyses
were performed following the Bonferroni correction procedure, setting the
significance at a p value <0.05.
Results: Only a significant Training type by Age by Time interaction for the Sleep Disturbances subscales was found. Perceived effort was significant for age by training type interaction. Follow up test revealed that U17 group was statistically different for both conditions, while in the U19 group was just near to the threshold. The main effect of training type was statistically significant for FAB scale. Only in post training condition we found significant main effects of Training type and Age for the Physical Symptoms subscale.
Conclusions: The RPE and FAB scales are most sensitive to acute effects of training load for group U17 and U19, while under the age of 15 do not seem to provide valid ratings of sRPE. With the possible exception of Physical Symptoms subscale of the Main&Grove questionnaire, TQR and the other Main&Grove subscales are not sensitive to acute differences in training load. The Training Monitoring
strategy used in the present research represents a valid approach to control
training sessions acute effects in young rugby union teams.
References: Jeffries A. C.; Marcora S. M.; Coutts A. J.; Wallace L.; McCall A.; Impellizzeri F. M. Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice; Sport Medicine 2021.
Foster C., Florhaug J. A., Franklin J., Gottschal L., Hrovatin L. A., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C.; A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2001, 15, 109–115
Cognitive-motor inference in table tennis
No full textPurpose: In several sports, such as table tennis, athletes face high cognitive and physical demands concurrently, and this situation can impair performance via a phenomenon called cognitive-motor inter- ference (Le Mansec et al., 2012). This study investigated how table tennis athletes can manage single- and dual-task situations. Methods: Thirteen expert table tennis athletes with national and international experience were recruited (Mage = 20.4; SD = 5.3 y.o.). Participants performed three single-tasks and two dual-tasks. The single tasks
consisted in performing the Auditory Free-recall Memory Task (MT) and two table tennis tasks: Easy Task (ET) or Difficult Task (DT; Le Mansec et al., 2012). In ET and DT, participants had to return a series of throws from a robot machine. In the MT, participants just had to store 20 words and recall them at the end of the tasks. In the dual tasks, participants simultaneously performed either ET or DT with the MT (MT ? ET and MT ? DT). The NASA-TLX ques- tionnaire was filled up after each single or dual task to assess perceived physical (PD) and mental demands (MD).
Results: Significant differences were found among the different sessions (MT; MT ? ET; MT ? DT; p \ 0.001). MT performance was superior when compared with MT ? ET and MT ? DT. No significant differences between MT ? ET and MT ? DT were found. Considering only the first five words of MT, significant differences were found for the following task: MT vs MT ? ET; MT vs MT ? DT. Conversely, nonsignificant differences between MT ? ET and MT ? DT were found. However, when considering the last 5 words, MT performance was better when compared with MT ? ET and MT ? DT. Moreover, MT ? DT performance was better than MT ? ET performance. Mental demand was significantly different among the sessions (p \ 0.001). MT’s physical demand was signifi- cantly higher than all the sessions except the MT ? DT. Physical demand was also different across the sessions (p\0.001). MT’s physical demand was lower compared with all the other sessions. Moreover, the difference between MT ? ET and ET was nonsignif- icant. Whereas, DT’s and MT ? DT’s physical demands were higher compared with all the sessions. However, mental demand in DT and MT ? DT was not different.
Conclusions: Results indicate significant cognitive-motor interfer- ence even in expert table tennis players: the more difficult the
table tennis task becomes, the fewer words are remembered. These data are also supported by the higher PD and MD in MT ? DT compared to all the other sessions.
References: Le Mansec et al. (2018). J. Sports Sci
RISPOSTE ACUTE A DUE DIVERSI PROTOCOLLI DI ALLENAMENTO IN GIOVANI GIOCATORI DI RUGBY UNION ITALIANI
No full textRISPOSTE ACUTE A DUE DIVERSI PROTOCOLLI DI ALLENAMENTO IN GIOVANI GIOCATORI DI RUGBY UNION ITALIANI - In questo studio sono stati confrontati gli effetti acuti della training prescription e del recupero in tre gruppi di giovani giocatori di rugby (U15, U17 e U19), che differivano per età e categoria di campionato. Sono stati monitorati due allenamenti di diversa intensità: high intensity (H) e low intensity (L). Gli allenamenti sono stati svolti da tutti i gruppi all’interno della routine settimanale di allenamento. Gli strumenti utilizzati per monitorare gli effetti dell’allenamento sono stati dei questionari validati scientificamente e comunemente impiegati a questo proposito sul campo da allenatori e preparatori degli sport di squadra. In particolare, sono stati utilizzati: la scala di percezione dello sforzo (RPE), la scala di valutazione della qualità del recupero (TQR), il questionario proposto da Main e Grove per monitorare il “training distress” degli atleti (MG) e le scale Fatigue e Fatigability (FAT e FAB). La percezione dello sforzo nel gruppo U17 è risultata significativamente diversa per le due condizioni, dimostrando la maggiore intensità degli allenamenti di tipo H rispetto alla minore intensità degli allenamenti di tipo L. Nella categoria U19 la differenza di percezione dello sforzo è risultata concorde con il gruppo U17, con un livello di significatività molto vicino alla soglia. Lo stesso risultato è stato ottenuto attraverso le scale FAT e FAB, mentre i risultati del questionario MG mostrano differenze significative soltanto per quanto riguarda i sintomi fisici. I risultati dell’analisi tra i gruppi e per tipo di allenamento non hanno mostrato differenze significative nell’andamento del recupero. Le metodologie di monitoraggio dell’allenamento impiegate nel presente studio rappresentano un valido strumento di controllo del processo di allenamento e di recupero nel rugby union giovanile
Subjective and Objective Assessment of Physically Active People with Knee Injury
Full text linkKnee injuries are highly prevalent in physically active individuals and are frequently associated with sport participation. Independently of the nature of the injury, subjective and objective clinical measures are used to assess, monitor and evaluate treatment outcomes in this population. To be clinically meaningful, these outcome measures should be relevant to the condition, the anatomical area, the individual or population, and importantly, possess adequate psychometric properties. Despite a high prevalence of knee injuries, there are several aspects of the subjective and objective knee evaluation in physically active individuals that remain unclear or have not been considered in previous research.The main aim of the present thesis was to fill some of the gaps identified in the literature regarding both subjective and objective knee measures in physically active individuals. Therefore, this thesis was divided into two distinct parts. The first part looked at the patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of the knee and physical activity, and consisted of two studies. The first study was a systematic review conducted to explore the PRO measures that are commonly used in the evaluation of physical activity and return to sport following autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Aiming as well, to provide a critical analysis of these instruments from a rehabilitative perspective. This review revealed not only the heterogeneity in the selection, but also in the timing and reporting of patient-reported activity scoring instruments following ACI, which makes a systematic comparison difficult and introduces bias into the interpretation of these outcomes. Another important finding of this review, was that the instruments currently used to evaluate postoperative outcomes in an articular cartilage repair population do not always fulfil the rehabilitative needs of physically active individuals. The second study was conducted in recreational marathon runners and aimed to provide normative values for a widely used knee specific PRO measure in athletes with knee injury, the Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Alongside the normative KOOS subscales values stratified by age group and history of knee injury that were presented, this study also showed that recent history of knee running-related injury (RRI) has a negative impact on the KOOS scores. In runners with no history of knee RRI, the results observed suggested a lack of interaction between KOOS subscale values and age. Furthermore, the KOOS values seen were substantially higher compared to previously published normative population-based KOOS values.
The second part of the present thesis comprised three experimental studies concerning single-leg cycling (SLC) exercise testing, in particular assessing the potential use of the self-paced test (SPT) concept as an objective measure following knee surgery. The first study analysed the reliability of a 5x2 min stages SPT anchored to the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) for SLC exercise testing. This study showed that this test protocol elicits reliable cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses. The second study examined the validity of the SPT protocol used in the previous study, through a concurrent comparison against a conventional fixed power incremental SLC exercise test. This investigation showed that the 5x2 min SPT provides a valid objective means for assessing peak aerobic capacity in SLC exercise testing. Moreover, it may be associated with increased activity enjoyment comparatively to conventional testing. The third and last experimental study investigated the effect of a 10 kg counterweight device (CW10) on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses to SLC exercise testing. The results of this study demonstrated that the CW10 despite eliciting an improvement in the activity enjoyment, did not affect peak cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to SLC exercise testing. When matched for test duration the SPT elicited higher peak power output and peak oxygen consumption than conventional incremental testing, regardless of the CW10 usage or not. In conclusion, the original work of the present thesis increases the body of knowledge of two distinct, but complementary fields in the subjective and objective knee assessment of physically active individuals. The outcomes provided both on PRO measures and SLC exercise testing, may have impact on the clinical practice of clinicians, sport rehabilitation professionals and researchers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
