1,301 research outputs found
Modafinil, inhibitory control, and alcoholism
No full textCommentary on L. Schmaal et al, 'Effects of Modafinil on Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition in Alcohol-Dependent Patients' Biological Psychiatry, Volume 73, Issue 3, 1 February 2013, pp 211-21
Lack of deleterious effects of buspirone on cognition in healthy male volunteers (Journal of Psychopharmacology 21, 2, DOI: 10.1177/0269881107068066)
No full textComment on Late-Onset ADHD Reconsidered With Comprehensive Repeated Assessments Between Ages 10 and 25.
No full textLetter in response to Sibley MH, Rohde LA, Swanson JM, et al: Late-onset ADHD reconsidered with comprehensive repeated assessments between ages 10 and 25. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:140–14
Neurocognitive Angle: The Search for Endophenotypes
No full textThis chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Heritability of OCD The concept of an endophenotype Applying the endophenotype construct to OCD Domains of interest in hierarchical modelling of OCD Searching for endophenotypes of OCD Summary Acknowledgements and disclosures References<br/
Gambling venues and their association with incidence of help-seeking gambling disorder
No full textAims: the NHS Southern Gambling Service (SGS) opened in 2022, and provides evidence-based assessment and treatment for people affected by gambling disorder across the South East of England. It is known that gambling venues are often placed in highly deprived areas, where populations vulnerable to gambling disorder reside. Little is known about whether geographical presence of gambling venues is linked to higher rates of referrals for gambling disorder to clinical services. The aims were to draw insights on the association between the incidence of referrals at the SGS and number of registered gambling venues across the geographical footprint of the regional service, while we adjust for indices of multiple deprivation.Methods: service level data for referrals per Low-Tier Local Authority (LTLA) level were merged with open access national datasets for indices of multiple deprivation (Office for National Statistics 2021) and number of gambling venues in each area (Gambling Commission 2024). Linear regression analyses were performed in-sample to identify the strength of the associations between the number of referrals and number of registered venues, adjusted for indices of multiple deprivation (IMD). This service evaluation was pre-registered with the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Clinical Effectiveness team. All data analysis was conducted in R version 4.4.2.Results: a total of 668 participants were referred to the SGS from September 2022 to end of November 2024. The correlation between venues and referral incidence was strong (Pearson’s r=0.58, p<0.001). Number of venues per LTLA were statistically associated with incidence of referrals to the SGS (t=3.9, p<0.001) including after adjusting for IMD indices. The model which included only the number of venues as a predictor explained 33.3% of the variance in incidence rate (R²=0.3325, p<0.001).Conclusion: number of gambling venues was strongly associated with incidence of referrals to the SGS. This association remained strong even after adjusting for indices of multiple deprivation. These insights can help the SGS in the strategic planning of development and utilization of its future resources, and highlight the need to examine sources of referrals nationally and links to contextual factors such as presence of gambling venues. Further work is warranted to define the optimal granularity for dissecting the geospatial links between the location of gambling venues and referrals to NHS Gambling Treatment Services, to further establish the stability and generalizability of these findings, as well as to explore a broader range of implicated bio-socio-economic factors
Endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Rationale, evidence and future potential
No full textObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heritable and debilitating neuropsychiatric condition. Attempts to delineate genetic contributions have met with limited success, and there is an ongoing search for intermediate trait or vulnerability markers rooted in the neurosciences. Such markers would be valuable for detecting people at risk of developing the condition, clarifying etiological factors and targeting novel treatments. This review begins with brief coverage of the epidemiology of OCD, and presents a hierarchical model of the condition. The advantages of neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging as objective measures of brain integrity and function are discussed. We describe the concept of endophenotypes and examples of their successful use in medicine and psychiatry. Key areas of focus in the search for OCD endophenotypes are identified, such as measures of inhibitory control and probes of the integrity of orbitofrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Finally, we discuss exciting findings in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with OCD that have led to the identification of several candidate endophenotypes of the disorder, with important implications for neurobiological understanding and treatment of this and related conditions.</p
A pilot examination of oxidative stress in trichotillomania
No full textObjective: Trichotillomania is a relatively common illness whose neurobiology is poorly understood. One treatment for adult trichotillomania, n-acetyl cysteine (NAC), has antioxidative properties, as well as effects on central glutamatergic transmission. Preclinical models suggest that excessive oxidative stress may be involved in its pathophysiology. Methods: Adults with trichotillomania provided a blood sample for analysis of compounds that may be influenced by oxidative stress [glutathione, angiotensin II, ferritin, iron, glucose, insulin and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1), and hepcidin]. Participants were examined on symptom severity, disability, and impulsivity. The number of participants with out-of-reference range oxidative stress measures were compared against the null distribution. Correlations between oxidative stress markers and clinical measures were examined. Results: Of 14 participants (mean age 31.2 years; 92.9% female), 35.7% (n=5) had total glutathione levels below the reference range (p= 0.041). Other oxidative stress measures did not have significant proportions outside the reference ranges. Lower levels of glutathione correlated significantly with higher motor impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale sub-score) (r=0.97, p=0.001). Conclusion: A third of patients with trichotillomania had low levels of glutathione, and lower levels of glutathione correlated significantly with higher motor impulsiveness. Because NAC is a precursor for cysteine, and cysteine is a rate limiting step for glutathione production, these results may shed light on the mechanisms through which NAC can have beneficial effects for impulsive symptoms. Confirmation of these results requires a suitable larger follow-up study, including an internal normative control group.</p
Field Trip to Ban Houei Sai
No full textA letter from James R. Chamberlain concerning a trip to Ban Houei Sai and contact with a rural group in Pha Te
Phenomenology and epidemiology of trichotillomania
No full textTrichotillomania is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent hair pulling, leading to hair loss and functional impairment. This chapter reviews the phenomenology and epidemiology of trichotillomania, and considers its relationship with putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions and other body-focused repetitive behaviors. Salient animal models of the disorder, along with findings in human patients using neuroimaging and cognitive probes, are summarized. A brain-based model of trichotillomania is formulated, focusing on affect dysregulation, addiction, and impulse dyscontrol. Finally, the chapter flags cardinal questions for the attention of future clinical and research scrutiny.</p
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