1,720,958 research outputs found
Convenient and Conditional Humanitarianism:Evacuating French and French-Jewish Children to Switzerland during the Second World War
Get PDFThis article provides details of a relatively little-known Swiss initiative during the Second World War. From 1940, Swiss charities provided large-scale humanitarian aid to war-stricken children, offering short-stay evacuations of over 60,000 French, Belgian and Yugoslav children to Swiss families, including at least some French Jewish children. In summer 1942, however, when French authorities began the round-ups of Jews, this approach faltered. That September, when many French Jewish children were stranded after their parents' deportation, a meeting took place between the Swiss ambassador and the French Premier, Pierre Laval. A deal might have been struck to protect these French Jewish children from deportation and extermination, but was not the preferred policy. This article analyses that meeting, concluding that Swiss officials were bound by the view that their own self-mandated neutrality might be compromised, despite a pre-existing evacuation infrastructure and strong Swiss public support, and to the fatal detriment of thousands of French Jewish children
Memories, Identity and Mother Russia: A Study of the Russian-Chechen Conflict
Get PDFToday’s Russian-Chechen conflict is based upon a long history of colonization and domination. Although the historic conflict relies upon an underlying mentality of “us†versus “them,†this assumption does not serve as the core identity marker of Chechen identity. Instead, the 1944 deportations, in which Stalinist Russia deported and exiled half a million Chechens, has become the primary national identity marker. This suggests that when an ethnic group has experienced deportations, their historic memories will serve a greater role in collective identity construction than any other relationship they have with that adversary
The Catalysts of 1938:European child evacuations as humanitarian innovation
No full textThe year 1938 was a watershed in terms of how European nations addressed and defined their positions towards persecuted refugees. Germany’s Anschluss of Austria in mid-March, the failures of the Evian Conference in July, the Munich Agreement and subsequent occupation of the Sudetenland in September and October, and finally, the violent pogrom against German and Austrian Jews (Kristallnacht) in November 1938 created an unprecedented number of new ‘stateless’ refugees who could not rely on international laws for protection. As a result, individual nations were forced to confront and, importantly, balance four critical factors: restrictive federal legislation and policies towards refugees, the urgent needs of the persecuted individuals, the realistic capacity of local charities to support vulnerable groups upon resettlement and the public pressure (often conveyed in the press and media) to ensure swift, comprehensive action...
‘Children Are to Be Regarded as Propaganda’:Contradictions of German Occupation Policies in the Child Evacuations to Switzerland, 1941–1942
Get PDFDuring the first year of Nazi occupation in Belgium, the German authorities consented to send thousands of hungry children to neutral Switzerland for three-month periods of recuperation by means of a Swiss-operated evacuation scheme. After Nazi officials in Berlin learned of these unusual evacuations, the German occupation authorities in Belgium became embroiled in defending and justifying their actions. This article argues that while such contradictions and paradoxes in occupation policies epitomized the Nazi leadership, both the value and agency of children – and the perception of saving them – became unconventional Nazi weapons of exploitation and control.</p
Self-Motivated Humanitarianism?:The Study of the Evacuation of Belgian and French Children to Switzerland, 1941-1945
No full textHumanity in times of war? The evacuation of French and Belgian children to Switzerland, 1940 – 1945
No full textThis study investigates the evacuation of 60,000 French and Belgian
children to Switzerland between 1940 and 1945. This humanitarian
action was initially implemented by a coalition of Swiss charities but
because of its growing popularity and increasing scope, the Swiss Red
Cross joined the efforts in 1942. Despite the devastation, food scarcities
and logistical limitations of the Second World War, these children were
successfully fed, clothed and housed in Swiss households for three-month
periods before they returned home. Given the massive diplomatic and
material challenges, it is surprising that such a large transnational
evacuation for vulnerable, foreign children was generally effective. By
evaluating both how these evacuations were conducted and why
participating governments sought to support or prohibit their
implementation, this thesis reveals new information that challenges the
standard narratives of the wartime actions of the Allies, Nazi Germany
and Switzerland. Britain and America’s role in the evacuation does not
support their reputation as righteous victors, but as bickering
governments strategizing to strengthen their post-war political position
in Europe. Nazi Germany’s authorization of the evacuation deepens our
knowledge by demonstrating how “humanitarian” operations were
circuitously manipulated as a way to increase Nazi control. The
noteworthy hospitality of Swiss citizens significantly diverged from the
strict immigration policies imposed by their government, a finding which
both challenges and reinforces the controversy surrounding Switzerland’s
prohibitive, internationally-condemned refugee policies. Overall, this
thesis recasts each participant in a new light by questioning the
motivations of governments at war, the value of children in war, and the
logistics of wartime humanitarian operations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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