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Physical model tests on new armour block Crablock for breakwaters to come to preliminary design guidance
No full textIn the design of rubble mound breakwaters, nowadays single layer systems using concrete armour units have become more common practice compared to conventional two layer systems. However, after the introduction of the accropode in eighties, a small number of single layer armour units have been developed over the years; for example core-loc, A-jack, xbloc, accropode-II, cubipod and core-loc II. Recently, a new concrete armour unit called crablock has been invented and applied as one layer system in one damaged breakwater at Al Fujeirah, UAE. In contrast to other existing monolayer units, the shape of this unit is symmetrical which allows placing both in uniform and random pattern. As the crablock unit is still under development, no design guidance exists yet for this concrete armour unit. To use crablock as monolayer system the preliminary design guidance on placement of crablock, stability and wave overtopping are required. This led the present research to investigate the placement pattern, packing density and wave overtopping over slope to come with first design guidance for the application of crablock. It should be mentioned that stability of the crablock against wave attack was also looked at, but that will be reported by Mr. André Broere, an MSc-student at Delft University of Technology. The present research was based on a literature study, small scale dry placement tests and small scale hydraulic tests in a wave flume. Regarding to the review of literature studies on the existing single layer units and crablock, set up of dry placement tests and flume tests have been made for this experimental research. Dry placement tests as well as 2D wave flume tests were carried out at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Both placement and hydraulic tests were executed with the use of small units. In total 14 independent placement test series were executed to investigate the placement pattern, placing grid and packing density of crablock. All the tests were performed on a 1:4/3 slope with the use of random and uniform placement in a rectangular as well as in a diamond shaped placing grid. Results of placement tests showed that uniform placement of crablock is achievable with the use of relatively small and smooth under layer in a rectangular placing grid. The performance of regular placement using a conventional under layer with size 1/10th to 1/15th of the size of the armour layer was not so satisfactory. Furthermore, it was found that uniform pattern was hardly reachable in a diamond-shaped grid with conventional under layer. However, irregular placement of crablock was certainly easier to construct and possible to place with higher accuracy compared to uniform placement in a diamond grid. It should be noted that all the tests using a conventional underlayer were performed without the fixation of first row due to the difficulties in placement with model crablock units. If this can be fixated by designing dedicated toe units (both in rotation and location) it may perform better. Still, the large underlayer makes it difficult to place uniformly. Finally, two preferred placing patterns appeared from the placement tests, a regular pattern in a rectangular grid using a relatively small under layer and a random pattern in a diamond grid using a conventional under layer. For the determination of wave overtopping, altogether 14 different test series were performed in a wave flume. In this research, two constant spectral wave steepnesses of 0.02 and 0.04 were tested together with two different orientations of units, two different placing grids and four different packing densities. The preferred placing patterns were constructed in a wave flume on a modelled breakwater cross-section in front of the sloping foreshore of 1:30. Each test series was comprised of number of sub tests for specific wave height and period. In each test series, wave heights and periods were continued to measure until the failure of armour slope. The armour layer was reconstructed prior to start of each test series. The test results of 2D flume tests showed that wave overtopping over crablock slope did not vary much between the different test series with same wave steepness. Nevertheless, it was observed that wave overtopping is little bit higher for longer wave period that means for low steepness compared to short period. Based on test results, it was also found that overtopping behaviour does not really change with the change in packing density and also with different placement pattern of armour layer. Regarding to the comparison of relative overtopping rate over crablock armour between test results and empirical prediction, it was found that that empirical equation with assuming roughness factor of 0.45 underestimate the measured wave overtopping over crablock. However, the comparison between the test results on overtopping percentages and estimation by EurOtop (2007) proved that percentage of waves overtopped over crablock can be well predicted by using empirical formula. Furthermore, the measured wave overtopping over crablock slope was found slightly higher in comparison to CLASH (2004) results on other single layer units. This variation was mainly observed for the test results with low wave steepness. Besides relatively low wave steepness, most of the tests on crablock were performed with relatively longer wave periods in comparison to CLASH (2004) which was also one of the triggering factor for higher overtopping over crablock slope compared to CLASH (2004). Moreover, the use of sloping foreshore (1:30) instead of horizontal one by CLASH (2004) might also influence the overtopping behaviour. The 1:30 slope changed the shape of the waves and the waves at the structure toe showed a clear increase in velocity of the wave crest (near or at breaking) The resulting wave overtopping over crablock slope was also compared with the overtopping over xbloc slope measured by DMC (2003). From the comparison, it was found that wave overtopping over crablock is significantly lower compared to xbloc measurements by DMC (2003). Based on the comparison of wave overtopping over different armour slope with and without Ursell parameter, it was recognised that use of the Ursell parameter may explain wave period differences in some cases, but introduces also unexpected differences.Crabloc
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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