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<Articles>Characteristics of the National Brazil-bound Emigration Enterprises in Japan : The Cases of Emigrants from Kumamoto and Hokkaido (Special Issue : MIGRATION)
No full textここにいう国策移民事業とは、一九二〇年代から四〇年にかけて日本政府がブラジルへの移植民を奨励するため進めた、渡航費補助や支度金支給などの一連の施策のことである。一九二八年から一九三四年までの七年間はブラジル移民の最盛期で、この間に九万人余りの日本人がブラジルへ渡ったといわれている。では、いつ・どこから・何人の人びとが日本からブラジルに渡っていったのか。本稿の課題はこうした移民の「源流」を特定することである。まずは『伯刺西爾行移民名簿』の悉皆調査によって得られたデータをもとに、政府からの渡航費補助を受けた家族移民の輩出地を解析し、その全国的な分布を図解する。ついで移民卓越地域の事例として能本県と北海道をとりあげ、熊本県では高い小作料に苦しんだ八代郡の干拓地帯から、北海道では冷害による凶作被害をうけた道東や道中の町村から多くのブラジル移民が出たことを明らかにする。The national policy to promote the emigration enterprises described herein was composed of a series of measures advanced by the Japanese government to encourage migration and colonization in Brazil during the period from 1920s to 1940s. Those measures were programs such as assistance to defray the expenses of the voyage and an allowance for outfitting and provisions. The seven years from 1928 to 1934 were the golden age of Brazil-bound migration, and the number of emigrants from Japan reached more than 90, 000 in total during the period. Focusing on the points of origin for those moving from Japan to Brazil, this paper will discuss two major subjects. First, using the data obtained from the boarding lists of Brazil-bound migrants 伯刺西爾行移民名簿, this paper analyzes the predominant areas from which the emigrant families that received voyage subsidies from the government came and illustrates the distribution of emigrants with maps. Since the Home Ministry increased the total amount of the subsidy for voyage expenses in April 1928, most emigrants were able to receive voyage-expense assistance, which was 200 yen. This was the beginning of the Home Ministry's subsidy for family emigration. The number of emigrants, however, was also influenced by economic ups and downs, and it did not increase in a steady fashion. The travel-preparation subsidy, which was started in August 1932, drastically altered the situation. The program provided 50 yen for travel-preparation expenses for each applicant to the program. This subsidy served as pump priming, encouraging exhausted, poor peasants to decide to go to Brazil. After the start of the allowance for outfitting and provisions, prefectures such as Akita and Yamagata in the northeast and Saitama and Kanagawa in the Kanto region, which had previously produced few emigrant families, began to provide emigrants. Taking advantage of the provision-outfit allowance, emigration enterprises permeated society and developed nationally. Kumamoto was one of the "migration prefectures, " and the peak of the number of emigrants from that prefecture to Brazil came in 1929-30. The leading areas for emigrants were concentrated in the reclaimed land belt of the Yatsushiro district. Tenant farmers in the reclaimed land belt of Yatsushiro paid higher rents compared with tenants in other jurisdictions within the prefecture and, moreover, farming there required the use of a large amount of manure. The rate of leaving villages was higher than in other districts and the number of many big tenancies had also arisen. Against this historical and environmental background, Kumamoto became one of the chief "migration prefectures, " a major source of permanent emigrants to Brazil. On the other hand, in Hokkaido, the number of emigrants for Brazil increased rapidly from 1932 to 1935. One direct factor in the rapid growth of migrants was the poor harvest in 1931, as a result of which people who suffered serious damage were expected to move from Hokkaido to Brazil. Tokoro and Abashiri in eastern Hokkaido and Kamikawa in northern Hokkaido were the leading sources of families who received assistance due to the poor harvest. A considerable number of the emigrants came from families that not only received assistance for the poor harvest but also from the regular subsidy program. The flow of Brazil-bound migrants from Hokkaido continued till 1937
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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