367 research outputs found
Simmel hoje: entrevista com Olli Pyyhtinen
No full textIn this interview, the young Finn sociologist Olli Pyyhtinen, author of an important and recent book on Georg Simmel (Simmel and “the social”), explains what he believes to be central in Simmel’s sociology and thinking, as well as some of its limitations and challenges for contemporary sociology. His perspective highlights Simmel’s radical relationism. He also discusses the problem of the gift, as proposed by Mauss and others, and the dynamics that at the same time establishes and denies it. Finally, he indicates some elements of his current research on garbage as an index of abundance in contemporary society and its relation to the distribution of wealth in the world
Yhdyskuntajätteen kierrätyspotentiaali Suomessa
No full textIncreasing municipal solid waste recycling rate is a highly topical issue within Europe at the moment because European Union has set its member countries the target of a 50% municipal solid waste recycling rate by 2020. Finland is far behind from achieving the target: the recycling rate in 2015 was only 40.6% and it did not develop between 2006 and 2014 at all. This dissertation analyzes the recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Finland in order to provide scientific knowledge for the policy-making towards the 50% recycling target. A new method to study the composition and recycling potential of mixed municipal solid waste was established by compiling different stakeholders' information needs concerning municipal solid waste and examining the best practices in European composition study methods. The method includes a classification system, which ensures the accumulation of comparable mixed municipal solid waste composition data throughout Finland. The classification system was tested by conducting two mixed municipal solid waste composition studies. After that, mixed municipal solid waste composition data was utilized to build a waste flow model, which represents the generation and recycling of different municipal solid waste fractions in the various operations. The model was applied to develop a 50% recycling rate scenario for Finland. Municipal solid waste recycling potential was also measured at the city-level by testing the applicability of material loss indicator. The results indicate that Finnish mixed municipal solid waste from households contains averagely around 70-80% of recyclable materials. The largest additional recycling potential lies in biowaste and plastic. Achieving the recycling rate of 50% for Finnish municipal solid waste requires multiple significant actions. These actions include stricter obligations on separate collection in the door-to-door system, advice campaigns and pay-as-you-throw schemes to improve sorting efficiency of households, as well as developing the background data and expanding the collection of recyclables from administrative, service and business operations. Measuring recycling potential at the city-level by material loss indicator is challenging because current data sources are insufficient. The results of this study can be used for the strategic development of municipal solid waste management systems.Yhdyskuntajätteen kierrätysasteen kasvattaminen on ajankohtainen haaste, sillä Euroopan Unioni vaatii jäsenmailtaan 50 %:n kierrätysasteen saavuttamista vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Suomi on kaukana tavoitteesta: kierrätysaste vuonna 2015 oli vain 40,6 % ja se ei kehittynyt vuosien 2006 ja 2014 välillä lainkaan. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitetään yhdyskuntajätteen kierrätyspotentiaalia Suomessa ja tarjotaan tietoa päätöksentekoon 50 %:n kierrätysasteen saavuttamiseksi. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin ja testattiin uusi menetelmä sekajätteen koostumustutkimusten luotettavaan suorittamiseen ja kierrätyspotentiaalin selvittämiseen keräämällä eri sidosryhmien tietotarpeita sekajätteeseen liittyen sekä kokoamalla parhaita käytäntöjä eurooppalaisista koostumustutkimusmenetelmistä. Menetelmä pitää sisällään jätejakeiden luokittelujärjestelmän, joka mahdollistaa vertailukelpoisen sekajätteen koostumustiedon kerryttämisen eri puolilta Suomea. Luokittelua testattiin suorittamalla kaksi sekajätteen koostumustutkimusta. Sekajätteen koostumustietoja hyödynnettiin rakennettaessa jätevirtamallia, joka sisältää yhdyskuntajätteen syntymäärät ja kierrätysasteet Suomessa eri jätejakeille eri toiminnoissa. Mallin avulla puolestaan rakennettiin skenaario, jossa laskettiin 50 %:n kierrätysasteen saavuttamiseen vaadittavia toimenpiteitä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin yhdyskuntajätteen kierrätyspotentiaalia aluetasolla testaamalla materiaalihäviöindikaattorin laskentaa yhdeksässä suomalaisessa kaupungissa. Tulokset osoittavat, että suomalaisten kotitalouksien sekajäte sisältää keskimäärin noin 70–80 % kierrätyskelpoisia materiaaleja. Suurin lisäkierrätyspotentiaali on biojätteessä ja muovissa. Kierrätysasteen nostaminen 50 %:iin vaatii useita eri toimenpiteitä: tiukempi sääntely kiinteistökohtaisen keräysjärjestelmän laajentamiseksi, neuvontakampanjat ja jätteen painoperusteinen hinnoittelu lajitteluaktiivisuuden lisäämiseksi kotitalouksissa sekä tietopohjan parantaminen ja erilliskeräyksen lisääminen hallinto-, palvelu- ja elinkeinotoiminnoista. Kaupunkikohtaisten kierrätyspotentiaalien mittaaminen materiaalihäviöindikaattorin avulla on haastavaa puutteellisen tietopohjan takia. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää jätehuollon strategisessa suunnittelussa
Classification method for mixed waste composition studies
No full textTämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli vertailla Euroopassa ja erityisesti Suomessa tehtyjä sekajätteen koostumustutkimuksia ja antaa suositus Suomessa käytettävälle jätejakeiden luokittelulle sekajätteen koostumustutkimuksissa. Työssä vertailtiin 19 suomalaista sekä 5 eurooppalaista sekajätteen koostumustutkimusta tai koostumustutkimusohjetta. Tämän lisäksi selvitettiin sekajätteen koostumukseen kohdistuvia tietotarpeita eri jätealan toimijoilta. Tutkimusmenetelminä olivat kyselytutkimus jätelaitoksille, kyselytutkimus tuottajavastuuyhteisöille ja kierrätysyrityksiin sekä Tilastokeskuksen, Suomen ympäristökeskuksen ja Ympäristöministeriön edustajien haastattelut.
Vertailun perusteella Suomessa tehtyjen sekajätteen koostumustutkimusten jätejakeiden luokittelut eroavat merkittävästi keskenään, minkä takia tutkimusten tulokset eivät ole vertailukelpoisia keskenään. 2000-luvulla Suomessa tehdyissä sekajätteen koostumustutkimuksissa jätejakeet on jaettu 10-33 luokkaan. Vertailuun sisällytetyissä ulkomaisissa luokittelumetodeissa jätejakeet on jaettu 16-35 luokkaan.
Jätelaitoksille suunnatussa kyselyssä tärkeimmiksi eroteltaviksi jätejakeiksi sekajätteen koostumustutkimuksissa arvioitiin eri materiaalien pakkaukset, vaaralliset jätteet, sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteet, metallit, ruokajäte, puun keräykseen kelpaamaton puu, keräyspaperi sekä PVC- ja fluoripitoinen muovi. Tuottajavastuuyhteisöille ja kierrätysyrityksille suunnatussa kyselyssä osoitettiin eniten kiinnostusta metallien, muovien, lasin ja puun kierrättämiseen ja näiden materiaalien osuuksiin sekajätteessä. Haastattelujen perusteella myös jätetilastointi, tutkimukselliset tarpeet sekä jätelainsäädännön ja valtakunnallisen jätesuunnitelman tuomat velvoitteet ovat sekajätteeseen kohdistuvien tietotarpeiden taustalla.
Työssä rakennettu kolmitasoinen jätejakeiden luokitteluohje mahdollistaa sekajätteen koostumustutkimusten tekemisen eri tarkkuustasoilla. Ensimmäinen taso sisältää 11, toinen taso 26 ja kolmas taso 41 jäteluokkaa. Tasot ovat hierarkkisia, minkä vuoksi kaikilla kolmella tasolla tehdyt tutkimukset ovat vertailukelpoisia keskenään.The aim of this study was to compare mixed waste composition studies both in Europe and in Finland and create a recommendation for the classification of waste components in Finnish mixed waste composition studies. Altogether 19 Finnish and 5 European waste composition studies were studied. On top of that, three professionals from waste management field were interviewed (Statistics Finland, Finnish Environment Institute and Ministry of the Environment). Also, two questionnaire studies were sent to employees of waste treatment plants and recycling business.
Based on the research, the classifications of waste components are highly different in different mixed waste composition studies, which make the comparison of the results very difficult. In 19 Finnish studies, waste components were divided from 10 to 33 cate-gories whereas in five European studies the waste categories ranged from 16 to 35.
In the questionnaire to the personnel of Finnish waste treatment plants, the following waste components were estimated to be the most important ones in waste composition studies: packages of different materials, hazardous waste, WEEE, metals, food waste, non-recyclable wood, recyclable paper and PVC plastic. Recycling companies and pro-ducer responsibility organizations were most interested in percentages of metals, plastics, glass and wood in mixed waste. Based on the interviews, also waste statistics, research on the waste management and requirements of waste legislation influence the informa-tion needs of mixed waste composition.
In this thesis, three-level waste classification system for the mixed waste composition studies was developed. First level consists of 11, second level of 26 and third level of 41 waste categories. The categories are hierarchic, which makes the comparison of the results of the different studies possible
On the definition of solution to the total variation flow
No full textFunding Information: The first author would like to thank Heikki Hakkarainen, Panu Lahti and Olli Saari for several useful discussions on this topic over the years. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).We show that the notions of weak solution to the total variation flow based on the Anzellotti pairing and the variational inequality coincide under some restrictions on the boundary data. The key ingredient in the argument is a duality result for the total variation functional, which is based on an approximation of the total variation by area-type functionals.Peer reviewe
Weight-based pay-as-you-throw pricing model: Encouraging sorting in households through waste fees
No full textMunicipal solid waste is associated with different systemic challenges, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and ocean plastic pollution. European countries are striving towards more circular material use and the European Commission has advocated the use of economic incentives to boost recycling. The pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) scheme is an economic instrument that applies the ‘polluter pays’ principle by charging for waste according to the actual amount of generated waste. Volume-based PAYT fees have shown to be potentially less effective in waste prevention and recycling than weight-based fees. This paper illustrates how waste management operators can price residual waste with weight-based fees that encourage recycling, are fair with respect to service levels, and cover the current income for municipal waste operators. The result, obtained by forming equations satisfying the above conditions, is a model with a linear, discrete price function, where the price of the residual waste generated by the citizen is a function of the service level. This model encourages efficient source separation through internal subsidies, wherein a citizen can decrease the price of household waste by 32% if they increase the sorting efficiency from a default of 40% to 80% efficiency. The application of the model was illustrated in a case example. The model developed in this study can be used to implement weight-based PAYT schemes locally, thereby supporting the formulation of waste management systems that facilitate waste reduction and recycling.Peer reviewe
Endpoint Sobolev bounds for fractional Hardy–Littlewood maximal operators
No full textFunding Information: I would like to thank my supervisor, Juha Kinnunen, for all of his support. I would like to thank Olli Saari for introducing me to this problem. I am also thankful for the discussions with Juha Kinnunen, Panu Lahti and Olli Saari who made me aware of a version of the coarea formula [, Theorem 3.11], which was used in the first draft of the proof, and for discussions with David Beltran, Cristian González-Riquelme and Jose Madrid, in particular about the centered fractional maximal operator. The author has been supported by the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Let 0 0 the fractional maximal function does not use certain small balls. For α= 0 the proof collapses.Peer reviewe
Raija Hurme, Maritta Pesonen & Olli Syvlioja: Englanti-Suomi opiskelusanakirja ('Engelsk-finsk studieordbok')
No full textAnmeldt værk:Raija Hurme, Maritta Pesonen, Olli Syvaoja: Englanti-Suomi opiskelusanakirja('Engelsk-finsk studieordbok'). WSOY, Juva 1994. Pris 157FIM.In this contribution, the author examiries a new medium-sized English-Finnish dictionaryby putting it in a user's test. Comparisons are made with a large bilingual dictionarycompiled by the same authors. The inclusion of new words in some specialquickly developing fields and slang, the handy size of the book, as well as the outlayand setting of the head words are positive features of the work. Tue author reminds ofthe structural differences of the languages involved and is more critical towards thepragmatic way of classifying some words, primarily adjectives: in some cases subarticleswith examples of contexts would be preferable. She would also like to have apreface with more information on the sources and theoretical principles of the work
Effect of pilot fuel properties on engine performance and combustion stability in a tri-fuel engine powered by premixed methane-hydrogen and diesel pilot
No full textFunding Information: The present study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 297248 and 318024 ). The authors are thankful to Ranta Olli and Blomstedt Otto for their supports on the engine preparations. The second author has also received a scholarship from Fortum-Neste Foundation and Merenkulunsäätio under application no. 2020050 and 20210073 , respectively. Funding Information: The present study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 297248 and 318024). The authors are thankful to Ranta Olli and Blomstedt Otto for their supports on the engine preparations. The second author has also received a scholarship from Fortum-Neste Foundation and Merenkuluns??tio under application no. 2020050 and 20210073, respectively. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)The present work investigates the effect of pilot fuel properties on TF combustion using premixed methane-hydrogen-air (CH4-H2-air) mixtures ignited by a small amount of diesel pilot. Especially, we are investigating the effect of the cetane number (CN) and aromatic content (AC) on TF combustion in a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine at varying charge air temperatures (Tair = 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C) and H2 volume fractions (MH2 = 10%, 20%, 40% and 60%) at lean premixed charge mixture conditions (equivalence ratio φ = 0.5). The novelty and main findings of the work consist of the following features: 1) besides the effect of H2 concentration and charge-air temperature, pilot fuel properties also play a crucial role in TF combustion, even a small amount of diesel pilot could dramatically affect the engine performance and combustion stability, 2) the CN and AC are the key factors affect the ignition delay time (IDT) and indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), 3) the in-cylinder pressure oscillation analysis based on a novel Superlets (SL) approach indicates that pilot fuel properties are important to the combustion states and combustion stability.Peer reviewe
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