3,849 research outputs found
Pologne
No full textSafjan Marek. Pologne. In: Annuaire international de justice constitutionnelle, 20-2004, 2005. Justice constitutionnelle, justice ordinaire, justice supranationale : à qui revient la protection des droits fondamentaux en Europe ? - La révision de la Constitution. pp. 311-324
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The revival of the rule of law issue =:La renaissance de la question de l'État de droit / edited by Marek Safjan
No full textThe Revival of the Rule of Law Issue brings to light the diversity of approaches to the rule of law in contemporary legal systems on one hand; on the other, it addresses those components that can be recognised as constituting the essence of the concept of 'rule of law'. A comparative analysis diagnoses the most pressing threats and deficits that pose a risk to the proper, effective functioning of a system based on the rule of law, and makes predictions concerning the direction of further development of the principle of rule of law. Broadly speaking, this volume asks whether, in today's world, one can justifiably formulate a thesis about the revival of this principle and, if so, in what sense.The first and fundamental conclusion of the principle of the rule of law cannot, in accordance with the dominant approach in the contemporary world, be reduced to purely formal adherence to the provisions of positive law. Further significant requirements must also be met, including respect for fundamental rights; the mechanism of the separation of powers (checks and balances); and democratic mechanisms of exercising power. Against the background of the reports, one important conclusion of this volume is the recognition that, in every democratic rule-of-law system, a mechanism for real, effective control that limits the discretion of any one branch of government should exist. Contemporary legal systems in fundamentally democratic countries are not free from significant flaws, weaknesses or deficits in rule of law guarantees. The most concerning phenomenon is the so-called systemic or structural crisis of the rule of law, which is characterised by the simultaneous occurrence of a whole set of factors blocking the effective, proper functioning of the mechanisms of a legal state, and which primarily threatens the independence of the judiciary.To maintain the principle of the rule of law, formal--even strong--normative guarantees expressed in such high-rank acts as a constitution, referring to democratic mechanisms, fundamental rights and institutional solutions, may prove insufficient under certain conditions if not accompanied by good and established constitutional practice, as well as sufficiently developed constitutional and civic awareness, and effective mechanisms for ensuring legal compliance.This volume comprises 25 reports, encompassing not only national systems (from European and non-European countries), but also analyses from the perspective of such international organisations as the European Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Council of Europe (Venice Commission)
Społeczeństwo obywatelskie w czasach kryzysu
Full text linkThe article presents the Author’s reflections regarding civil society.The Author discusses the origin of the idea of civil society, closely linked to Popper’s concept of open society, and then presents the correlation between civil society and the influence the democratic system has on it in order to determine the relations between them. As a research method, the Author uses analysis of so-called impediments to the efficient functioning of civil society, depending on the relation with a particular social, political or supranational system.Artykuł przedstawia rozważania autora dotyczące społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Autor omawia genezę idei społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, ściśle związanego z koncepcją popperowską społeczeństwa otwartego (open society), a następnie przedstawia zależność pomiędzy społeczeństwem obywatelskim i wpływem, jakie ma na nie system demokratyczny, aby w efekcie określić wzajemne relacje pomiędzy nimi. Jako metodę badawczą autor przyjął analizę tzw. czynników blokujących sprawne funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, w zależności od relacji z określonym systemem społecznym, ustrojowym bądź też ponadnarodowym
“Poland represented existential experiences of resistance, political experiences and intellectual impact”. Marek Zybura in conversation with Wolfgang Templin, the author of the German biography of Józef Piłsudski
No full textWolfgang Templin (born in 1948) was active in the democratic resistance in the former GDR. He co‑founded the party Bündnis 90 in reunified Germany and was writer and author of history books. In the conversation with Marek Zybura (born in 1957) —the Chair of History of Literature and Culture of Germany in the Willy Brandt Centre of German and European Studies at the University of Wroclaw—Templin discusses the origins of his Piłsudski biography (2022), which is being published in the Polish translation by Bellona in Warsaw
Justice Transitionnelle: L’Exemple Polonais, le Cas de la Lustration
Full text linkIssue on 'Judging judges'Published online: 01 February 2008This article deals with transitional justice as illustrated by the lustration cases in post-communist countries. In their tansformative process towards democracy, these latter have faced the challenge of finding a balance between different and competing rationals for lustration. The first one is an extensive approach in dealing with the totalitarian past, by prosecuting on a large scale the largest number of persons that collaborated with the communist regime, and by imposing harsh penalties. It represents a radical, revolutionary approach trying to impose the extraordinary means adequate to the transitory period, and hence it stresses the dominance of public interest over individual rights. The second approach necessitates the respect of the new democratic values and standards and imposes the compliance with fundamental principles of human rights. The author emphasizes the role of the constitutional judge in imposing the limits of the lustration procedure and in forming a new axiology of the transition society, based on the proporionnality methodology. The author concludes that only such a very well balanced attitude manifested by the series of the judgments of the constitutional court would allow a real revolutionary and radical breach of the totalitarian past.Cet article traite la question de la justice transitionnelle à travers l’expérience de la "lustration" dans les pays post-communistes. Ces derniers ont du faire face à un choix difficile, dans le processus de transformation vers la démocratie. Le premier choix est celui d’une approche extensive dans la manière de traiter le passé totalitaire, qui se fonde sur la répression d’un grand nombre d’anciens collaborateurs du régime communiste et sur l’imposition de peines lourdes (interdiction de travailler par exemple). Il s’agit d’une approche radicale et révolutionnaire, qui voudrait imposer des méthodes extraordinaires adaptées à la période transitoire. C’est pourquoi elle insiste sur la prédominance de l’intéret public sur les droits individuels. La deuxième approche insiste davantage sur le respect des nouvelles valeurs et critères démocratiques et met en avant l’importance du respect des droits fondamentaux de l’homme. L’auteur insiste sur le role du juge constitutionnel dans la détermination des limites de la procédure de lustration et dans la création d’une nouvelle axiologie de la société en transition, basée sur la recherche d’une proportionnalité et d’un équilibre nécessaires entre les intérets de l’Etat et les droits de l’individu. Ainsi, seule une attitude bien équilibrée comme celle exprimée dans les séries de jugements des Cours constitutionnelles peut permettre une révolution réelle et radicale par rapport au passé totalitaire
Społeczeństwo obywatelskie w czasach kryzysu
Full text linknumer dedykowany prof. Janowu Grosfeldowifinal_published22AT_PUBLICATIONNie dotycz
Opening sentences in Marek Krajewski’s novels
No full textOpening sentences raise a lot of interest of both linguists and common Polish speakers. It is evident from numerous websites in which Internet users share their observations on the best opening sentences of books (most often novels), as well as theoretical papers and writing guides. The analysis of opening sentences of ten novels by Marek Krajewski (co-author of two of them being Mariusz Czubaj) is to provide an answer to the question to what extent the utterance opening of the texts of the Wroc³aw-based prose writer fulfill the requirements to be met by such type of constructions. It turns out that most crucial are syntactic and semantic features rather than lexical ones. The clash between theoretical assumptions and the M. Krajewski’s writing practice shows that opening sentences of his novels not always fall into classical determinants of incipient formulas. It also illustrates the thesis that a skillful writer does not need to cling to theoretical assumptions to create good opening sentences and novels translated into nearly twenty languages
Politics and Constitutional Courts A Judge’s Personal Perspective
Full text linkThe paper deals with different forms of political impact on the constitutional justice.
The main subject of presentation is the analysis of recent Polish experiences which can
help to identify better the threats to the independence of the constitutional justice in
democratic space. The first part takes the effort to describe the specific phenomenon of
political pressure exerted on the constitutional justice through indirect influence (so
called “political mobbing”). The argumentation developed in the paper proves that even
such indirect and sometimes subtle interferences from the political elite create the very
danger for accountability of constitutional justice and have a negative impact on
constitutional awareness of the society. The second part deals with typical reasons
(ongoing in all constitutional courts) of inevitable of the constitutional
review, first of all the political procedure of appointments of the judges and the political
nature of constitutional cases. The thesis is defended through the analysis of Polish
experiences which indicate that the presence of politics, inherent element of the
constitutional justice, cannot be automatically identified with lack of the objective and
independent judgments issued by the judges. Internal independence and formal external
guarantees of it allow us to avoid the pathological impact of politics. Two factors have a
particularly great impact on the attitudes of judges and support them in fulfilling their
responsibility: the continuity of jurisprudential lines, accumulation of constitutional
experience (acquis constitutionnel) and the permanent dialogue between the
constitutional courts and the international courts or among the constitutional courts in
the European space
Trybunał Konstytucyjny po trzydziestu latach – doświadczenie i przyszłość
No full textThis article tries to answer three different questions: Did we create a stable and strong constitutional culture in Poland after collapse of the communist system? Has the model of constitutional review enshrined in the Polish Constitution confirmed itself over the 30 years of its application by the Constitutional Tribunal, notably considering the alternative model to the Tribunal’s concentrated review, i.e. the so-called dispersed constitutional review exercised directly by the common courts? As a third topic, the article deals with the perspectives of the constitutional review and necessary changes in that regard. It could serve as an instrument for the future improvement of constitutional culture as well as ensure a more effective influence of the basic constitutional values and principles on the entire legal order in Poland, notably through a stronger presence of the constitutional axiology in the judicial practice.
The conclusion of the first part of the article is that Polish constitutional culture is not sufficiently enrooted in the tradition and awareness of the Polish society – this concerns average citizens, as well as members of the political elite. This is one of the essential reasons why the Polish constitutional system, founded on a good institutional framework for the state ruled by law, has become so fragile with regard to the recent political and legal changes, which have an extremely negative impact on the legal order and which undermine the basic democratic principles, starting with the independence of the judiciary. This conclusion draws upon the author’s postulate that the constitutional legal order of the democratic state ruled by law must necessarily be strengthened by a well-organized civil society and by a good constitutional practice shaped in compliance with fundamental rights, basic values and principles.
The second part of the article presents arguments in favor of the centralized (concentrated) constitutional review model, which could in principle be maintained in the future. This model is better adapted to the Polish legal traditions and to the structure of the Polish judiciary, whereas the opposite model of decentralized judicial review could seriously weaken the principle of legal certainty. However, it is argued that this approach should not be understood as a categorical refusal of a direct application of constitutional norms, principles and values by common judges. On the contrary - the modern concept of judicial interpretation and application of law requires an openness towards the larger context of the legal order, including the constitutional, supranational and international texts, and presupposes observance of the basic rights and values which are guaranteed by these texts and universally recognized. However, the definitive elimination of legal provisions from the legal order should in principle be a prerogative of the constitutional court in conformity with the logic of the model of centralized constitutional review. At the present time, which sees the model of constitutional review paralyzed by prolonged constitutional crisis, and a clear violation of the independence of the constitutional justice by the parliamentary and governmental majority, the necessity of striving for a specific instrument to effectively apply the constitutional guarantees in the legal order must not be ignored. The author argues that this exceptional situation justifies a temporary replacement of the concentrated model of constitutional review by concrete judicial review, which means that the ordinary judges can refuse the application of statutory legal rules in specific cases if they do not comply with the constitution.
In the final part of this publication, focusing on the future perspectives, the author discusses necessary improvements of the constitutional review, in line with a more flexible approach allowing common judges to refuse in some situations the application of non-constitutional rules without referring a question of law to the constitutional court. The author also posits the necessity of introducing some modifications to the model of constitutional complaint and argues for an enlargement of the competences of the constitutional court, covering not only the review of the constitutionality of norms, but also the review of conformity with fundamental rights in their application
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