287 research outputs found
Ahmed Safi Bey’in Sefinetü’s-Sâfi adlı eserinin VIII.cildinin neşri ve ruh,alem-i ervah açısından tahlili
No full textXIX. yüzyıl sonu ve XX. yüzyıl başlarında yaşamış olan Ahmed Sâfî Bey'in hayatı, tarihimizdeki büyük değişimlerin yaşandığı döneme rastlamaktadır. Bu dönemde Ahmed Sâfî Bey müslümanların nasıl kalkınacağını anlatmaya çalışmış ve eğitim, lisân öğrenimi üzerinde önemle durmuştur. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı Devletinin eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetlerinde, yabancıların etkinliğine dikkat çekerek Robert koleji hakkında bilgiler vermiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin son dönemindeki otorite boşluğundan kaynaklanan adaletsizliklerin, müellifin dilinden esere, şiir olarak yansıdığını söylemek mümkündür. Ahmed Sâfî Bey, bir Ðttihât Terâkkî mensûbu olmamakla beraber; cemiyet hakkında teferruatlı bilgi vermektedir. Ayrıca Osmanlı Hânedânını eleştiride de sert bir uslûp kullandığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca, Bektâşîlerin inanç ve âyinleri, hurûfât, astronomi hakkındaki bilgileri de, dikkatleri celbedici nitelikte ele almıştır. Ahmed Sâfî Bey, çeşitli kaynaklardan faydalanarak, yaklaşık otuzun üzerinde tasavvûfî kavramı açıklamıştır. Tevhid konusuna ihtimam gösteren müellif, Ðsmail Hakkı Bunsevî'nin, Kitâbü'n-Netîcesi'nden uzun alıntılar yaparak bu kavrama açıklık getirmeye çalışmıştır. Müellif, Hafız Muhammed Efendi'nin, Gayetü'd-Dakayık adlı eserinden rûh ve alemi ervâh konusunu nakletmiştir. Biz de bu konuyu araştırmamıza me'haz kabul edip inceledik. Mutasavvıfların bu konu hakkındaki görüşlerini araştırma konusu yaptık. Araştırmamızda, tasavvuf ıstılâhında rûhla ilgili bir çok kavrama açıklık getirmeye çalıştık. Tasavvûfi açıdan rûhun mâhiyetinin bilinip bilinmeyeceği sorusuna cevâben: Rûhun emir âleminden olduğu, halk âleminde olanların ise bunu kavrayamayacağı cumhûrun görüşü olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nebîler ve velîler halk âleminden emir âlemine terâkkî etmiş olmalarından dolayı bunların, rûhun hakîkat ve mâhiyetini bilebileceği fakat fitneyi mûcip olacağından dolayı avama anlatmaktan ictinâb ettikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca rûhun kıdemini iddia edenlerin görüşünün batıllığı ortaya konmaya çalışmış ve rûhun mahlûk olduğu hükmü ortaya çıkmıştır. Rûhla nefsin aynı mı, farklı mı? olduğu tartışmasında, rûhun nefsten ayrı bir latîfe olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çünkü nefsle kasdedilenin rûh-i hayvânî olduğu ve rûhla nefsin birbiriyle sürekli mücâdele ettiği gerçeğinden hareketle; çatışma halindeki iki zıt şeyin aynı latife olduğunu söylemek mantığa ters düştüğü âşikârdır. Sûfiyye rûhun emir âleminden, nefsin ise halk âleminden olduğu ve bu âlemlerinde birbirinden çok farklı olduğu görüşündedirler. Rûhlarla görüşmenin insanlardan bazısı için mümkün olduğu söylenebilir. Çünkü zıt unsurlardan kurtulup, âlem-i şehâdetten âlem-i ervâha ve hakîkat-i Muhammediyyeye yükselen küllî rûh, cüz'î rûhları bilir. Ayrıca âlem-i ervâhın zuhûra gelmesinde belirli bir hiyerarşik düzenin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ölümden sonrada bu hiyerarşik düzene göre haşr olunup, rûhların bedenlerde iken elde ettikleri mertebeye göre yerleşmelerinin söz konusu olduğu, araştırmamızda konu edilmiştir. Son olarak, rûh gibi soyut bir kavram hakkında açıklama yapmakta ihtiyatlı davranan mutasavvıflar, kesin ifâdelerden kaçındıklarını söylenebilir. The life of Ahmet Safi, who lived between the end of XIX. century and the beginning of XX. century, came across to the period that included big changes in our history. Ahmet Safi tried to tell about how muslims could develop and he especially insisted on education and language learning at that period.Besides that, he attracted attention to the activity of foreigners on Ottoman Empire's education system and gave information about Robert College. The injustice which occured because of the powerless of Ottoman State in its last period could be seen as poem in the written work of the author. Although, he wasn't a member of Ittihat Terâkkî , he gave detailed information about society.Also he had used harsh style for criticizing Ottoman Dynasty. In addition , he took up the informations about the beliefs and ceremonies of Bektaşi , hurufât * and astronomy very well. Ahmet Safi explained above thirty Sufism concept by benefiting from several sources. He took great pains over Tevhid ** topic and he tried to explain that concept by making long quotes from Ismail Hakkı Bursevi's Kitabü'n Netice book. The author recounted the topic Spirit and Last Judgement from Hafız Muhammed's written work Gayetü'd Dakayık . So that we accepted this topic as a source for our research and examined it. What's more, we made the opinions of Sufist about that topic a research subject. We tried to make clear the concepts related with the spirit in Sufism in our research. An answer to the question of how the true nature of spirit according to Sufism was : Spirit was under Allah's command universe so it was believed that people couldn't know and understood it clearly. The prophets and holymen could know what the spirit included because they passed Allah's command universe from people universe but they didn't explain it to people for not producing strife. Furthermore it became obvious that the opinion which included the spirit has seniority was wrong and it was appeared that the spirit was a creature. It was known that the spirit was different from realself in the arguement about Is the spirit same or different from realself ? . Because the realself was mean animal spirit and the spirit and the realself have had generally quarrels with each other so it couldn't be said that the spirit and the realself was same. Sufists thought that the spirit was from Allah's command universe. On the contrary, the realself was from people universe. As a result, they were so different from each other. It could be possible for some peole to communicate with the spirit because the total spirit which rose to real world ( âlem-i Şehadet ), spirit world (âlem-i ervâh ) and reality of Muhammed (hakikat-i Muhammediye) by getting away from opposite things could know the insignificant spirits. It was clear that there was a determined hierarchy in occuring spirit world. After the death, we will be revived and we will have places according to the degrees that the spirits gain while they have bodies. Finally, it could be said that Sufists didn't use certain words while they were explaining the spirit which was a
A new reading for the Abbasid dinar in the name of caliph Al-Mu tamid Ala Allah (AH 256-279) minted in Al-Ma Suq 271 AH
Get PDFThe case of a dinar minted ill 271 AH recording the he Caliph
al-Mu'tainid 'ala Allah (256-279 AH), al-Mufawwatj ila Allah (256-278 H),
and an enigmatic mint place is discussed in the paper. The Author attempts to
offer a new reading of the toponym of the mint using literary sources. The love
story between al-Mu'tamid and a Bedouin girl, seems to unveil the identity of
the mysterious mint
Liver and Renal Profiles in Kala-azar, HIV and Kala-azar patients co-infected with HIV in Gedarif and Sinnar States. Sudan.
No full textBackground: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) presents a major health problem
in several states in Sudan. VL/HIV co-infection is an emerging health
problem which has been reported to be associated with renal and liver
dysfunction.
Design: A descriptive study and cross sectional studies also were performed.
Setting: The study was conducted at Tabarak-Allah Rural Hospital Gedarif
state and Al- Azaza Centre, Sinnar State.
Objectives:
General objective: To study the prevalence of VL/HIV co-infection in the
Sudan
Specific objective: To determine the liver and renal profiles in VL, HIV and
VL/HIV co-infected patients.
Material and methods: A total of 99 VL parasitologicaly confirmed cases
in Tabarak-Allah Rural Hospital (Gedarif state, Eastern Sudan) and Al-
Azaza Centre (Sinnar State) and. There were 57(57.6%) males and
42(42.4%) females, their ages ranged from 2-75 years (mean of ages was 16
years),30 HIV seropositive individuals from Al Gadarif Teaching Hospital
were studied, 23 (76.7%) of them were males, and 7 (23.3%) were females.
Their age ranged between 30 and 54 years (mean of age was 40 years). All
serum samples from VL samples were analyzed for renal and liver profiles
using chemistry analyzer and were also screened for HIV by third generation
ELISA kits. The 30 HIV seropositive samples were analyzed for liver and
renal profiles and for CD4 cell count by flowcytometry.
Results: Of the 99 VL confirmed cases jaundice was detected in Nine
(9.1%), elevated AST activity in 85(85.9%), elevated ALT in 19(19.2%),
VII
elevated ALP in 55(556%) , low albumin level in 78(78.8%),
hyperprotienamia in 40 (40.4%), azotamia in 7 (7.3%), hypocalcaemia in 48
(48.5%), hyponatraemia in 89(899%), hypokalamia in 29(29.3%) and
hyperkalaemia in 11(11.1%). Two (2.4%) patients had renal failure.
Seven (7.1%) of the 99 confirmed VL patients were HIV co-infected. One
(14.3%) of those 7 HIV/ VL co-infected cases had elevated ALT, 7(100%)
had elevated AST, 6(85.7%) had elevated ALP activity, 2(28.6%) had
hyperprotienamia, 5(71.4%) had hypoalbuminaemia, 3(42.9%) had
hypocalcaemia, 7(100%) had hyponatraemia, 2(28.6%) had hypokalamia
and 1(14.3%) had hyperkalaemia.
Of the 30 HIV seropositive individuals, 3(10%) were jaundiced,12(40%)
had elevated ALT,11(36.7%) had elevated AST , 11(36.7%) had elevated
ALP, 6(20%) had hyperprotiemaemia,3(10%) had hyperprotienamia,
19(63.3%) had hypoalbuminaemia, 3(10%) had Azotamia, 16(60%) had
hyponatraemia, 2(6.7%) had hyperkalaemia, 10(33.3%) had hypokalamia,
13(43.3%) had hyperuricaemia , 1(3.3%) had hypouricaemia ,16(53.3%)
had hypocalcaemia and one (3.3%) had renal failure.
The comparison of liver profile between confirmed VL and VL/coinfected
cases showed significant differences in in ALT , ALP ,AST ,
T.Protien and Albumin Levels ( P.Value < 0.05) but there was no
significant difference in T.Bilirubin and D.Bilirubin levels ( P.Value >
0.05). In the renal profile creatinine and sodium levels, were also
significantly different between the two groups (P.Value < 0.05). However,
there was no significant difference in urea, calcium and potassium levels
(P.value > 0.05).
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Conclusion and Recommendation: In view of the results of the present
study it is concluded that VL and VL/HIV co-infection can be associated
with impairment in renal and liver functions; .The prevalence of VL /HIV
co-infection is increasing in Sudan. Accordingly, it can be recommended
that renal and liver profiles should be determined before treatment in all VL
cases that show clinical features of renal or liver dysfunction. Urine analysis
is recommended to be a routine test in VL as an indicator for any
abnormality in renal function. Due to the limited number of VL/HIV coinfected
cases in the present study further studies involving larger sample
size are required
A reappraisal of attitudes to the 'People of the Book' in the Qur'an and hadith, with particular reference to Muslim fiscal policy and the covenant of 'Umar
Get PDFEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Haematological findings in Kala‐azar, HIV, and Kalaazar co‐infected patients including T.lymphocytes differential count by both flowcytometry and double immunocytochemistry
No full textA descriptive study was conducted in two kalazar centers in Tabarak-Allah
(Gedarif state) and El- Azaza (Singa state), Eastern Sudan.
160 VL patients out of 520 suspected VL cases were included. Diagnoses
was made by direct microscopy using lymph node and/or B.M aspirates and
confirmed serologicaly using DAT and/or Katex. There were 96(60%)
males, 64(40%) females; mean of patient's ages was 14 years.
Full blood count were done for all VL patients. Anemia was found in all,
(mean of Hb: 8.5 g/dl), 80(50%) o them had a normocytic normochromic
anemia, 16(10%) with microcytic hypochromic, 57(35.4%) with dimorphic
anemia, and sickle cells anemia was found in 7 (4.6%) patients. 152 (95%)
patients had a platelet count of < 140X103/ μl, 128(80%) patients with
TWBCs < 3X 103/μl. The differential WBCs count was a follows:
lymphocytes were > 40% in 112(70%) patients, neutrophils were < 45% in
89(55%) patients, and ESR was > 45 mm/h in 50/50 patients (100%). WBCs
morphology was normal in 110(69%) patients, shift to left was found in
40(25%) patients, and shift to right was found in 6(10%) patients. Prominent
Target cells were found in 54(34%) patients and nucleated RBCs in 24(15%)
patients.
The differential T cells count was done for 5 patients. CD4 T cells were <
250 / μl in all 5 patients. The mean of CD4 was 210 / μl, the mean of CD8
was 490 / μl, and CD4/CD8 ratio was 1/2.3.
II
All parasitologicaly and serologicaly confirmed VL patients were screened
for HIV, 6 (3.5%) patients were co-infected, all of them were males, mean of
patients ages was 25 years.
Full blood counts were done for these patients. All patients were anemic
(mean of Hb: 8.0 g/dl), 3(60%) patients with normocytic normochromic,
2(40%) patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia. Platelets were <
140X103, and TWBCs were < 3X 103/μl in all patients. The differential
WBCs count was a follows: lymphocytes were > 40%, neutrophils were <
45%, and ESR > 45 mm/h were found in all patients.
Also differential T cells count were done, CD4 T. cells were < 200/ μl in all
patients, mean of CD4 was 180 / μl, mean of CD8 was 340 / μl, and
CD4/CD8 ration was 1/1.9.
A cross sectional study was done to determine the hematological parameters
and T cell subsets count in 30 known seropositive HIV individual, during
ART at VCT Centre (Om durman Teaching Hospital), Khartoum state.
Anemia was found in 15(50%)patients (mean of Hb: 11g/dl), 12(80%)
patients with normocytic normochromic, 3(20%) patients with microcytic
hypochromic anemia. 4(13.3%) patients had platelets < 140X103, 5(16.7%)
patients with TWBCs < 3X 103/μl, 10(33.3%) patients with TWBCs > 6X
103/μl. The differential WBCs count; lymphocytes were > 40% in 9(30%)
patients, neutrophils were < 45% in 7(23.3%) patients, neutrophils were >
70% in 3(10%) patients.
In differential T cells count, CD4 T. cells were < 200/ μl in 20(66.6%)
patients, mean of CD4 was 255 / μl, mean of CD8 was 530 / μl, and
CD4/CD8 ration was 1/2.1.
We concluded that normocytic normochromic anemia, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia were the common hematological changes in VL and
VL/HIV co-infected patients. Relative lymphocytosis and neutropenia were
less common. In HIV seropositive individuals anemia were noted in have of
patients. Luecocytosis, lymphocytosis, Eosinophilia and monocytosis were
noted in third of patients.
The differential T cells count indicated that, the cellular immunity was
depressed among the VL, HIV, and VL / HIV co-infected patients; with
decreased in CD4 number and reversed CD4/CD8 ratio.
Comparison between Flowcytometry & double immunoenzymatic for CD4
counts were done for five HIV seropositive individual. Results indicated that
there is a significant variation between the two methods (P <0.05).
Sensitivity and specificity of double immunoenzymatic staining method
were 100%
Medina in the Ayyubid period and the Shi'a influence upon it
Get PDFThe underlying concern of this thesis is to shed light on the history of Medina during the Ayyubid period, discussing and analysing the Shi'a emergence in the city in that time, and the transfer to them of power, the judiciary and the key religious positions. It also discusses their influence over the various facets of life there. The study comprises an introduction, six central chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes a general introduction, beginning with a historical background of pre-Islamic Medina, and then proceeds to present an overview of the importance of the subject and the reasons for choosing it. It then moves on to an exposition of the key issues which the study will discuss, and the methodology which it follows. The second chapter provides a concise account of the significance of Medina in the Islamic sources (the Qur'an and the hadith), discussing the role of the city and its inhabitants in their support for and propagation of Islam. It also gives a short account of the history of Medina following the death of the Prophet up until the Umayyad period, and briefly discusses the key historical events during that period. The
third chapter examines the state of the Islamic World prior to and during the Ayyubid period, and discusses the key historical events that occurred in Medina at that time and
their connection with what was happening in the Islamic World. The fourth chapter studies and analyses the emergence of the Shi'a in Medina during the Ayyflbid period, and examines certain accounts of this. It also tracks the history of the Shia in Medina prior to the Ayyübid period by providing critical examples of some of the accounts on the subject. The reasons behind the emergence of the Twelver Shia doctrine in Medina during the
Ayyübid period will also be studied and analysed, and the chapter will explain how the Shi'a came to assume the key political and religious offices in the city. Their relations with other Shi'a sects will also be examined, and the way in which their control of Medina came to an end will be discussed. The fifth chapter discusses political life in Medina during the Ayyubid period and the influence of the Shia upon it, studies and analyses the political
relations between the emirs of Medina and each of the neighbouring tribes, the emirs of Mecca, the sultans of the Ayyubid state and those of the Banü Rasül in Yemen, and
explains the influence of the Shi'a on these relations and the role which they played in the political life in the city. The sixth chapter discusses social life in Medina during the Ayyubid period and the influence of the Shia upon it, by studying the composition of civil society and its groupings, the distinguishing features apparent in each grouping, and the elements of social life and its economic conditions, as well as the constructive interplay between them, in order to present an accurate picture of the city's social life. The seventh chapter discusses the state of learning in the city during the Ayyübid period and the Shia
influence upon it, by examining some of the accounts mentioned by certain historians and travellers. It will also include a refutation of these negative accounts by presenting a thorough, extensive description of the state of learning in Medina, through studying the teaching lectures which were current in the Prophet's Mosque and the madrasas of that time, the kuttabs, the syllabuses, the teaching methods, the most notable 'ulama' and their key works, the role of the Sunni 'ulama' in the flourishing of learned activity and, lastly, the Shi'a influence upon it. The eighth chapter summarises and discusses the study's most
important findings and draws conclusions from them, before making suggestions for future research
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
Protective effect of arabic gum against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in mice: A possible mechanism of protection
No full textTitle: Protective effect of arabic gum against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in mice: A possible mechanism of protection
Author(s): Abd-Allah, ARA, Al-Majed, AA, Mostafa, AM, Al-Shabanah, OA, El Din, AG, Nagi, MN
Source: JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY Volume: 16 Issue: 5 Pages: 254-259 Published: 2002
Department: Pharmacology and Toxicology
Abstract: Arabic gum (AG) is a naturally occurring compound that has been proposed to posses potent antioxidant activity. In this study, the possible effects whereby AG could protect against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in mice were carried out. Administration of single dose of DOX (15 mg/kg, i.p.) induced cardiotoxicity 72 h, manifested biochemically by a significant elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2.7.3.2). In addition, cardiotoxicity was further confirmed by the significant increase in lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). Administration of AG (25 g/kg) orally for 5 days before and 72 h after DOX injection produced a significant protection against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. This was evidenced by significant reductions in serum CK and cardiac lipid peroxides. The effect of AG was examined on the superoxide anion radical generated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. The results indicate that AG is a potent superoxide scavenger. The superoxide scavenging effect of AG may explain, at least in part, the protective effect of AG against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
A critical reading of Fazlur Rahman's Islamic methodology in history : the case of the living Sunnah
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Sunnah has become synonymous with hadith as it is found primarily in the six canonical works of hadith. This change, Rahman argues, came about after Mohammad b. Idris al-Shafi'i articulated his bayan scheme, which in a nutshell means that the entirety of law resides in two texts the Qur'an and the Sunnah and that Sunnah is only the Sunnah of Muhammad (concept and content). In search for uniformity and stability, Rahman claims, that Shafi'i destroyed the living Sunnah or more precisely the organic relationship between Sunnah, ijtihad (progressive interpretation) and ijma. But was this living Sunnah conceptually linked to the """"Ideal Sunnah"""" of the Prophet? Why did Shafi'i decimate an entire tradition and what were his reasons and how did he do it? This thesis seeks to answer these questions by critically analyzing Rahman's living Sunnah notion. On the other hand whilst it appreciates Shafi'i's argument for the Sunnah, of the Prophet only, as the exclusive legislative supplement to the Qur'an it problematizes how Shafi'i dealt with the materials from which he reconstructed (the content) the Prophetic Sunnah (as a concept)
IBR?H?M Al-K?R?N? AND HIS WORK ENTITLED “INB?H Al-ANB?H ‘AL? TAHQ?Q I‘R?B L? IL?HA ILLALL?H”
No full textİbrahim bin Hasan el-Kûrani, İslam aleminin ünlü alimlerindendir. Fıkıh, hadis, dil ve edebiyat gibi birçok alanda eser kaleme almıştır. Medine'de Mescid-i Nebevi'de yıllarca ders veren, çeşitli tarikatların şeyhliğini de yapan el-Kûrani, birçok öğrenciye ders vermiş ve günümüzde bile tartışmalara konu olan görüşleri dünyaya yayılmıştır. el-Kûrani, "la ilahe illallah/Allah'tan başka ilah yoktur"ın irabı/sözdizim/syntax üzerine üç eser kaleme almıştır. "İnbahü'l-enbah 'ala Tahqiqi İ'rabı La İlahe İllallah" adlı eseri bu eserlerin en kapsamlısıdır. el-Kûrani, bu eserinde aynı konuyu ihtiva eden diğer eserlerinde olduğu gibi kelime-i tevhidin Arap dili açısından sözdizim/sentaks ve tasrif/morfolojik olarak tahlilini yapmakta ve bu konuda yapılan tartışmaları ele alıp çözümlemesini yapmaktadırIbr?h?m bin Hasan al-K?r?n? is one of the famous scholars of Islam world. He was an author in many areas such as Islamic law, hadith (the Prophet Mohammad’s sayings), language and literature. al-K?r?n? who gave lessons in al-Masj?d alNabaw? in Medina over the years and was the sheikh of several cults gave lessons to many students and then his views which have been still discussed have been disseminated by the students across the world. al-K?r?n? wrote three books on syntax and morphology sentence “l? il?ha ill?ll?h/There is no god but Allah”. His work called “Inb?h al-Anb?h ‘al? Tahq?q I‘r?b L? Il?ha Ill?ll?h” is the most extensive one of them. As in the other books he wrote on this subject, al-K?r?n? analyzes kalimah al-tawh?d as syntax and conjugation/morphological in terms of Arabic language and considers the discussions on this subject in this wor
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