7 research outputs found
STRATEGIC AUTONOMY OR ISOLATION: AN ANALYSIS OF MAJOR DYNAMICS OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY
Get PDFThe foreign policy of Pakistan as a part of South Asian milieu and one of the significant Muslim states always remained characterized by the various regional and global restrains which not only made it vulnerable to the external pressures but also substantially affected its strategic choices. Currently, Pakistan is facing multiple internal and external constraints ranging from its domestic economic problems to continuing with CPEC as a real game-changer strategy at the operational level while not upsetting the US. The prime focus of this study is to have an insight intodiplomatic coercion faced by Pakistan and its consequences on her foreign policy decisions. As Indian-centric approach throughout history left limited options for policy-makers. This research examines why Pakistan is being challenged about strategic choices in response to vigorous Indian attempts to isolating her in the international arena. This analytical and descriptive research would possibly recommend the recent foreign policy measures by Pakistan regarding its external dynamics of politics.
Bibliography Entry
Elharathi, Milad, Sadia Mahmood Falki, and Aisha Shahzad. 2020. "Strategic Autonomy or Isolation: An Analysis of Major Dynamics of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy." Margalla Papers 24 (1): 112-121
TRANSFORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONALISM AND ‘OTHERIZATION’ OF MUSLIMS IN INDIA
Get PDFIndia has altered its military stratagem under the Modi government from nuclear deterrence to offensive defence. The constant use of offensive defence in the milieu of deliberate political aggression against Pakistan and victimization of the Muslim community in India is making Indian military doctrine a hostage of hyper-nationalistic politics of Hindutva. Since its rise to power, the BJP government has conflated anti-Muslim and anti-Pakistan approaches. Pakistan remains a crucial factor in its domestic, diplomatic, and foreign policy rhetoric. The internal discord and surge of violence against the Muslim population, as evident by 2020-riots in north-eastern New Delhi, are indicative of vigorous reforming of the national identity of India dominated by Hindutva ideology. Therefore, this paper addresses Hindu nationalism, which arose as a political ideology and caused an insecure environment for Indian Muslims while becoming precarious for Pakistan. It infers that Hindu nationalism, along with its assimilation approach towards minorities, is gradually asserting exclusionary conception of a state where cultural and political centrality of Hindutva has become a core theme.
Bibliography Entry
Shahzad, Aisha, Sadia Mahmood Falki, and Asma Sana Bilal. 2021. "Transformation of Indian Nationalism and ‘Otherization’ of Muslims in India." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 48-58
Role of Religio-Political Activism of TLP in Shaping Security Challenges for Pakistan
Get PDFABSTRACT
The substantial increase in support for conservative and far-right parties is a growing trend in South Asian politics. It is a part of emergent global tendencies of political polarization and the resultant rise of anti-democratic political forces around the world caused by diverse and unlike reasons. The subsequent outcomes of polarization propensities are steady societal discord and democratic erosion in both the global north and south countries. However, the adverse consequences of the rise of radical and far-right forces are comparatively more apparent in some of the South Asian states due to existing authoritarian traits in respective political systems and frequent political instrumentalization of religion into politics for the legitimacy of governments and regimes. In Pakistan, far-right parties remained less successful in electoral politics which led them to emphasize more on their ability to mobilize people in the name of religion in the form of agitation, protest, and violent demonstrations against the government. The display of radicalized discourses through street power often challenged the writ of the state and from time to time, these far-right groups like Tehreek-e-Labbaik (TLP) secured their bargaining position to pressure the government in Pakistan to overlook their violations of law and crimes to disturb law and order situation. The religio-political activism of far-right parties in Pakistan is deeply grounded in their discernment of an Islamic state which led them to see religion as an absolute authority over government and society while justifying their political power claims. The underlying study through the case study of TLP, tends to understand that how these religious political parties view the state and society in Pakistan. The emergence of TLP, its radical discourses, and the rise of gradual support to this religious party reflected the growing trend of polarization, anti-democratic trends, and its far-reaching consequences on national integration and most importantly in the larger context of the security of Pakistan
Role of Military in Politics and Federal Dilemma in Pakistan: 1999-2008
No full textThe challenges of federalism in Pakistan are multidimensional in nature and largely associated with various dynamics of politics. Lack of democratic practices, political instability, low political culture and type of government exercising its control at the federal level are those factors which considerably affect the federal politics in Pakistan. The repeated dissolutions of the National Assembly and the consequent fall of provincial assemblies during the decade of the1990s also stressed the federal notion in Pakistan. The problems of federalism in Pakistan were further augmented by the arrival of a military administration in power on October 12, 1999.Even though, a constitutional government was established as a result of the general election of 2002but it did not diminish the centralization and authoritarian trends as the center of political power was still a military man. This paper expounds that under Musharraf regime, prime intent of devising policies was to secure legitimacy of his rule and federal issues were not dealt with federal and political means. This research expounds that type of regime is relevant to federal practices in Pakistan and military led regimes in Pakistan are less responsive to federal challenges and ethnic demands as under their conception of unity in command, federal consensus and bargain are less pertinent. This led to decline the role of elected legislatures and federal institutions as the federal notion of the state was largely hampered. This study aims to address the issue that how military intervention into politics augmented the federal problems in Pakistan and to what extent typeof regime is relevant to federal practices in Pakistan
A Comparative Analysis of Populist Regimes in Pakistan and Turkey
Get PDFPopulist governments are mainly driven by economic setbacks, traditional rivalries with their political opponents and authoritarian political strategies to overcome any potential challenge to their legitimacy. In this context, the government of Imran Khan in Pakistan and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey are two distinct case studies whose regimes have adopted a populist posture in their political practices. This research by focusing on these two case studies, primarily highlights that what happens when populists are in power? Secondly, this paper intends to explain that how populist discourse over shadowed their governance and political communication. Despite the fact that they have large leadership following but their political oratory has failed to build a national resolve for the common masses
Gender Disparities: Islamization and State Discourses in Pakistan
Get PDFGender disparities and inequalities are the significant traits of state and society in Pakistan, where religion largely manifests the social identity of women. The construction of social identity on religious paradigm further specifies the restraining role of women in political and economic sphere which makes them vulnerable to discrimination of various kinds and victims of violence as theylack voices in decision making processes despite forming more than half of the population of the state. This paper aims to highlight the role of Islamization in Pakistan as a state discourse, making religion a central theme of policy making by various governments and regimes. This primarily augmented the existing gender disparities and undermined the women’s status. This research is anendeavour to enrich the understanding of gender disparities and its relation with symbolic and concrete notions of Islamization resulting in paradoxical development for women in Pakistan. This study argues that the Islamization process did not aim to disempower women and the prime focus of the process was the political intent of legitimacy, although Islamization of politics led tocommence such laws and policies which radically shaped the gender inequalities in Pakistan as an outcome. This paper attempts to explain the course by which politics and religion are intimately infused and this would help to explain the politicization of gender and restrictive laws related to women for fostering the patriarchal ideology in Pakistan
Classification of automative vehicles in motion on the basis of vibratory signals generated by them
No full textW artykule omówiono zagadnienie klasyfikacji pojazdów samochodowych, mające znaczenie dla automatyzacji pomiaru struktury i natężenia ruchu drogowego. Są to istotne parametry, które, oprócz parametrów wielkości akustycznych, wyznacza się podczas badań wibroakustycznych czynników obciążeni środowiska. Podstawę działania algorytmów systemów pomiarowych stanowią pomiary liczby osi, odległość między osiami, rozmiarów liniowych przejeżdżającego pojazdu. Stosowane w badaniach przetwornik pomiarowe są kosztowne, a niejednokrotnie muszą być umieszczane w konstrukcji jezdni. Stanowi te istotne utrudnienie w wykorzystaniu ich w przenośnych systemach pomiarowych, instalowanych doraźnie w wybranych miejscach. W związku z powyższym, zaproponowano klasyfikowanie pojazdów samochodowych na podstawie pomiarów drgań podłoża, przy wykorzystaniu wysoko czułych przetworników drgań, instalowanycl w gruncie poza obszarem drogi. Spodziewanym efektem takiego rozwiązania powinna być mobilnośi systemu pomiarowego i relatywnie małe jego koszty. W badaniach zastosowano klasyczny model procesu rozpoznawania obrazów, składający się z eks traktora cech i klasyfikatora. Przyjęto w nich klasyfikację pojazdów w trzech kategoriach związanycł z ich konstrukcją mechaniczną i pośrednio z masą. Przedmiotem badań były drgania gruntu generowane przez przejeżdżające samochody; prowadzono cyfrową rejestrację sygnałów drganiowych. Utworzona baza danych pomiarowych zawierała 223 rejestracje. W wyniku tych badań została opracowana metoda ekstrakcji cech charakterystycznych z sygnałów drganiowych. Podstawę tworzenia wektora cech charakterystycznych stanowiło rozwinięcie dyskretne reprezentacji sygnału drganiowego w szereg funkcyjny z zastosowaniem metody analizy falkowej. W artykule przedstawiono także wyniki badań związanych z poszczególnymi etapami opracowywa nia algorytmu ekstrakcji cech dotyczących wyboru rodzaju falki, określania liczby poziomów dekompo zycji sygnałów drganiowych, określania sposobu obliczania wartości danej cechy itp. Wyboru algorytmu klasyfikatora dokonano na drodze eksperymentalnej. Przebadano trzy algorytmy z wykorzystaniem metod minimalnoodległościowych, tj. algorytmów NN, kNN i MN. Algorytmy testo wano w trybie offline. Porównując ich właściwości, dokonano wyboru najskuteczniejszego w przypadki omawianego zastosowania. Prace programistyczne zrealizowano, wykorzystując platformę programową MATLAB. Wszystkie analizy i eksperymenty przeprowadzono za pomocą napisanych przez autora skryptów (m-plików).In the article an issue of automotive vehicles classification has been discussed, which is of great importance for the automatization of the measurement process of structure and traffic intensity. These are crucial parameters, which apart from acoustic rate-level parameters, are determined during research of pollution burden attributed to vibroacoustic factors. The basis of functioning of algorithms for measurement systems are measurements of axis number, distance between axes, linear size of moving vehicle. Utilized in research, measuring transducers are expensive but repeatedly have to be placed in the road structure. It is of considerable impediment in utilizing them in portable measurement systems, installed temporarily, in selected places. In connection with the above, it has been proposed to classify automotive vehicles on the basis of surface vibration measurements, with the use of high-sensitivity vibration transducers, installed in the ground, outside the road area. The expected effect of such solution should be mobility of measurement system and its relatively low cost. In the research, a classic model of image recognition process was utilized, which consists of feature extractor and classifier. A classification of vehicles in three categories was adopted, which are related to their mechanical construction and indirectly with their mass. The subject of the research were surface vibrations generated by moving cars; a digital registration of vibratory signals was carried out. The database of measurement data, which was created, included 223 registrations. As a result of this research, a method of extracting distinguishing features from vibratory signals was developed. The basis of creating a vector of distinguishing features was developing discrete representation of vibratory signal into function series, with the application of wavelet analysis method. Moreover, the research results connected with respective stages of algorithm compilation for extraction of features related to selection of wavelet type, estimating number of decomposition levels of vibratory signals, determining method of estimating added value of the feature etc., were presented in the article. The selection of algorithm for classifier development was made in experimental method. Three algorithms were examined with the use of minimum-distance method, i.e. algorithms NN, kNN and MN. Algorithms were tested in offline mode. Comparing their properties, a choice of most efficient algorithm was made, in case of the discussed application. Programming work was realized with the use of MATLAB programming platform. All of the analyses and experiments were carried out with application of scripts (m-files) written by the author
