72 research outputs found
Households' livelihood in restricted forest landscapes: What is the impact of contextual factors?
No full textIn response to the loss of forest cover and biodiversity, forest conservation policies have been increasingly pursued worldwide. Such policies are often criticized for limiting the access of locals to forest resources, raising the question if nature conservation and poverty alleviation goals are compatible. Few studies have attempted to examine the impact of forest restriction on the livelihood of neighboring communities by accounting for confounding factors. We address this gap by estimating the impact of contextual factors in the wider landscape as well as forest legal restrictions on households' main income sources. The current study relies on a comprehensive dataset from 3410 households living in different tropical contexts in forested landscapes of Zambia, Ecuador and the Philippines. We adopt a multi-level regression model by including explanatory variables at both household and landscape levels. Our results indicate the significance of the broader landscape's context such as elevation, road access and extent of remaining forest for households' income. Country context is particularly important in determining households' income. Households' characteristics and asset endowment play a major role too. Our findings provide no evidence that increasing restricted forest extent in landscape decreases households' income when contextual factors are controlled for. This study highlights the non-random designation of forest conservation policies, with many conservation programs being assigned to areas with little development potential. Thus, we argue that contextual factors in which households function shall be given more attention in the debate of nature protection versus poverty reduction. Suggesting the insignificant impact of forest conservation policies on households' livelihoods, our findings serve to inform policymakers in establishing effectual forest conservation policies which strike the right balance between nature protection and rural development
How does rural in-migration affect forest clearing and smallholder land use in tropical forest frontiers? Evidence from the Zambian Miombo woodlands
No full textAbstract One of the main sources of increasing population pressure in forested landscapes of Zambia is in-migration from other rural areas. This in-migration is driven by environmental degradation and limited employment options in the villages of origin, and, to a limited extent, in-migration from urban areas due to widespread unemployment and increased cost of living in cities . The current study examines the relationship between in-migration, forest clearing, and land use change in forested landscapes in Zambia. This question is especially relevant considering that in 2020, 85% of total carbon dioxide emissions in the country were attributed to Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF). Based on a dataset of 1123 households living in or near the Miombo woodlands in Zambia, we estimate a multivariate tobit model to explain forest clearing and the area under annual crops at the household level. Households reported the availability of agricultural land, natural resources, or fertile soils as their main reason for migration. Regression results showed that being an in-migrant household was associated with 28% more forest area cleared for crop production during the 5 years prior to data collection and with an 8% increase in area cultivated with annual crops. Our results add to limited available quantitative evidence on the impacts of in-migration on forest clearing and land use in tropical forest frontiers at the micro-scale. With rising in-migration in the future that leads to further forest clearing in migrant-receiving areas, the cycle can repeat itself, where increasing population pressure and deforestation can lead to environmental degradation and migration to other forested landscapes. To address this chain, future policy should aim to deal with the root causes of internal migration, including by investing in landscape restoration and sustainable agricultural intensification in origin areas.Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010771Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischere
Potential impacts of the proposed EU regulation on deforestation-free supply chains on smallholders, indigenous peoples, and local communities in producer countries outside the EU
No full textAccording to the new European Commission proposal for a regulation on deforestation-free products, six commodities - cattle, wood, palm oil, soy, cocoa, and coffee and their derivate products – grown or raised on land that was subject to deforestation or forest degradation will be banned from entering the EU market. In this commentary paper, we discuss the possible unintended effects of the regulation and elaborate on potential ways to reduce the negative impacts, on vulnerable groups in producer countries, such as smallholders, Indigenous peoples, and local communities (IPLCs). Such impacts could comprise exclusion of smallholders and IPLCs from high-value supply chains of commodities covered by the regulation, inadequate price premiums to cover the costs of complying with this regulation, increase the risk of land conflicts between large-scale and small-scale agriculture, push smallholders and IPLCs to marginal lands, and even exacerbate human rights risks already associated with large-scale commodity production. In order to avoid or minimize such impacts, we propose: 1) to make provisions for companies, smallholders, and producing regions to receive sufficient support in their transition to deforestation-free supply chains and to provide incentives so that this transition can be inclusive; 2) to further promote and strengthen holistic approaches, such as jurisdictional or other integrated landscape management approaches to address the many issues that can arise from conflicting interests and unequal power distribution in affected landscapes; 3) to make clear provisions for protection of human rights and to promote land rights for smallholders and IPLCs related to tenure security; and 4) to ensure that regular and robust impact assessments inform policy about both direct and indirect impacts of the regulation on smallholders and IPLCs so that timely and adequate action can be taken to minimize the unintended effects of this regulation. Addressing potential negative impacts on smallholders and IPLCs would also ensure that the progress achieved so far in terms of other UN SDGs related to poverty, inequality, hunger, and land restoration is not compromised
Speeding-up graph processing on shared-memory platforms by optimizing scheduling and compute
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-12-01The student, Azin Heidarshenas, accepted the attached license on 2021-12-01 at 14:42.The student, Azin Heidarshenas, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2021-12-01 at 15:02.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2021-12-02 at 15:20.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17337 on 2022-04-29 at 16:10:18Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T21:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemAuthor requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimitedGraph processing workloads are being widely used in many domains such as computational biology, social network analysis, and financial analysis. As DRAM technology scales down into higher densities, shared-memory platforms gain increasing importance in handling large graph sizes.
We study two main categories of graph algorithms from an implementation perspective. Topology-driven algorithms process all vertices of the graph at each iteration, while data-driven algorithms only process those vertices that make a substantial contribution to the output. Furthermore, the performance of a graph algorithm execution can be broken down into three components, namely, pre-processing, compute, and scheduling. For data-driven algorithms, the work of each thread is driven by the dependencies between vertex values that are known only at run-time. Hence, the scheduling will take a significant portion of execution. However, for topology-driven algorithms, the scheduling time is negligible since the work of each thread can be determined at compile-time.
In this dissertation, we present three techniques to address the performance bottlenecks in both data-driven and topology-driven algorithms. First, we present Snug, which is a chip-level architecture that mitigates the trade-off between synchronization and wasted work in data-driven algorithms. Second, we present V-Combiner, which is a software-only technique to mitigate the trade-off between performance and accuracy of topology-driven algorithms using novel vertex-merging and recovery mechanisms. Finally, we present KeepCompressed, which is a set of algorithms to speed-up compute for topology-driven algorithms using vertex clustering for dynamic graphs
Architectural support for work-efficient relaxed priority queueing
No full textLimited Restriction set for Item 102680 on 2019-04-29T15:20:14Z with date 2020-08-10 by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 102680 on 2019-04-29T15:20:29Z with date 2020-08-10 by [email protected] parallel algorithms in domains such as graph analytics and simulations execute more efficiently if some parallel tasks are executed before others. To implement such priority-based task scheduling, the data structure of choice is a concurrent priority queue (PQ). Unfortunately, PQ algorithms exhibit an undesirable tradeoff. On one hand, traditional PQs always dequeue the highest-priority task, and thus fail to scale because of contention at the head of the queue. On the other hand, relaxed PQs avoid contention by dequeuing tasks that are often so far from the head that the resulting schedule misses the benefit of priority-based scheduling.
This thesis proposes novel architectural support for relaxing PQs without straying far from the priority-based schedule. Our architecture, called Snug, distributes the PQ and maintains a set of Work Registers that point to the highest-priority task in each subqueue. Snug provides an instruction that picks a high-quality task to execute. The instruction periodically switches between visiting all the subqueues to get an accurate global snapshot and visiting nearby subqueues to reduce traffic. Overall, Snug dequeues highquality tasks while simultaneously avoiding hotspots and excessive network traffic. We evaluate Snug on graph analytics and event simulation applications. Snug reduces the average execution time of the applications by 1.6×, 4.9× and 3.4× compared to the state-of-the-art skip list, SprayList, and software-distributed PQs, respectively.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2019-05-01The student, Azin Heidarshenas, accepted the attached license on 2017-04-25 at 14:25.The student, Azin Heidarshenas, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2017-04-25 at 14:26.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2017-04-26 at 09:10.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11021 on 2017-08-10 at 14:32:33Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T19:52:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-26Embargo set by: Colleen Fallaw for item 102680
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimited Restriction set for Item 102680 on 2019-04-29T15:20:40Z with date 2020-08-10 by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 102680 on 2019-04-29T15:20:43Z with date 2020-08-10 by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 102680 on 2019-04-29T15:20:46Z with date 2020-08-10 by [email protected] Restriction Lifted for Item 102680 on 2020-08-10T09:15:09Z
Polyphony in the novel The Daughter of the Peasant, you lost the work to Azin using the approach of dialogue
No full textAbstract This research applies Bakhtin’s views and ideas, especially dialogism theory, to critically analyze the discourse in the novel “The Peasant’s Daughter” by the contemporary Iranian novelist Beh Azin to reflect on the polyphony of this novel. This study answers the following questions: 1- How do women in the novel appear dynamically in polyphony? 2. How does the conflict between modernity and tradition appear in polyphony in the novel? 3. How do intellectuals and elites influence the emergence of polyphony in the novel? The results show women were passive to represent polyphony, providing a narrative context for the dominant picture of the protagonist’s discourse. The elites in the story use polyphony for various reasons because of left-wing and nationalist ideologies. The confrontation between tradition and modernity plays no small part in the emergence of this uprising, in which tradition helped the wealthy classes to institutionalize themselves in society. In conclusion, social background and gender are two prominent issues in the story’s narration of The Peasant Girl. The author challenges traditional society’s ideological and moral roots while establishing polyphony between the bourgeoisie and the subjugated classes
RUMBA: Runtime Monitoring and Behavioral Analysis Framework for Java Software Systems
No full textI hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii A goal of runtime monitoring is to observe software execution to determine whether it complies with its intended behavior. Monitoring allows one to analyze and recover from detected faults, providing prevention activities against catastrophic failure. Although runtime monitoring has been in use for so many years, there is renewed interest in its application largely because of the increasing complexity and ubiquitous nature of software systems. To address such a demand for runtime monitoring and behavioral analysis of software systems, we present RUMBA framework. It utilizes a synergy between static and dynamic analyses to evaluate whether a program behavior complies with specified properties dur-ing its execution. The framework is comprised of three steps, namely: i) Extractin
Architectural support for work-efficient relaxed priority queueing
No full textMany parallel algorithms in domains such as graph analytics and simulations execute more efficiently if some parallel tasks are executed before others. To implement such priority-based task scheduling, the data structure of choice is a concurrent priority queue (PQ). Unfortunately, PQ algorithms exhibit an undesirable tradeoff. On one hand, traditional PQs always dequeue the highest-priority task, and thus fail to scale because of contention at the head of the queue. On the other hand, relaxed PQs avoid contention by dequeuing tasks that are often so far from the head that the resulting schedule misses the benefit of priority-based scheduling.
This thesis proposes novel architectural support for relaxing PQs without straying far from the priority-based schedule. Our architecture, called Snug, distributes the PQ and maintains a set of Work Registers that point to the highest-priority task in each subqueue. Snug provides an instruction that picks a high-quality task to execute. The instruction periodically switches between visiting all the subqueues to get an accurate global snapshot and visiting nearby subqueues to reduce traffic. Overall, Snug dequeues highquality tasks while simultaneously avoiding hotspots and excessive network traffic. We evaluate Snug on graph analytics and event simulation applications. Snug reduces the average execution time of the applications by 1.6×, 4.9× and 3.4× compared to the state-of-the-art skip list, SprayList, and software-distributed PQs, respectively.LimitedAuthor requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system. Author then requested an extension of closed access for 1 year
The Persian ney: A study of the instrument and its musical style
No full textIn view of the fact that the Ney-e Haftband is the only wind tradition in classical Persian music, the lack of attention paid to it in previous scholarly studies is rather surprising. This dissertation is a study of the Persian ney and its music as it emerged in the city of Esfehan during the nineteenth century.It provides a comprehensive body of information related to the structure of the instrument, its playing techniques, and its use in current musical practices. It discusses the development of the Persian technique by Nayeb Assdollah, the famous ney player of the Nasseri court, and how his new technique of sound production, the 'tooth and lip' technique, provided possibilities for development and change in the musical style of the ney. An extended section discusses the role of Ostad Hassan Kassai in the dissemination of current musical practices on the ney. Kassai's ideas and concepts about poetry and musical pulse have established definite styles in the tradition of ney playing and have resulted in the incorporation of many elements from both vocal music and the music of string instruments.The second section of the study includes an analytical discussion of 17 performances of classical Persian music by four of Iran's current ney players. It also includes a few performances by some former musicians in order to cover earlier trends in the practice of the ney. The performances are from the dastgahs of Shur, Segah, Mahur, and Chahargah. The analyses cover the choice of gushes and how these choices are affected by their adaptability to the specific characteristics of the ney. The dominant and principal gushes of each performance are transcribed in an attempt to understand how the musical content of each gushe compares or contrasts to its original form in radif books.The study has found that the structure of the ney does determine to a large extent, the process of improvisation and the selection of gushes in performances. However, despite substantial variety, improvisations on the ney are found to be compatible with the practice of radif on other instruments, and that previous assumptions regarding an autonomy in the radif of ney is not valid. Moreover, the use of gushes and the specific roles assigned to them coincide, for the most part, with their traditional use in radif books. In conclusion, the study has determined that the music of the ney belongs to a musical system which stresses individual traditions, but at the same time is unified by closely related structures and symbols.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Mucor and Aspergillus Maxillary Bone and Sinuses coinfection in a woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report
No full textBackground: Mucorales and Aspergillus have invasive fungal infections with high mortality, mainly in immunocompromised and diabetic patients. The diagnosis is microbiological and pathological, with a strong clinical suspicion. The treatment is medical and surgical debridement. Invasive fungal coinfection by these two is reported as a case report. Here, we highlight the importance of considering the coinfection of Aspergillus and Mucor in the maxillary bone and paranasal sinuses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Cases Report: A 38-year-old woman had a fever and toothache 1.5 months before and had been treated for a dental abscess, which continued to fever, epistaxis, teeth out spontaneously, left Bell’s Palsy, and swelling in the left side of her face. She had a history of immunosuppressive therapy and steroid-induced hyperglycemia for SLE. The PNS CT Scan found increased mucosal thickness of the left maxilla and sphenoid sinuses. Extensive debridement was done. Pathologic study of debrided samples showed coinfection of invasive mucormycosis and aspergillosis. She was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole with complete recovery without recurrence after a one-year follow-up.
Conclusion: In mucor and aspergillus coinfection, no one should be missed at first and treated by specific antifungal amphotericin B, with no time-wasting for a better prognosis
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