1,720,960 research outputs found
Spectral and durational unstressed vowel reduction: an acoustic study of monolingual and bilingual speakers of Bulgarian and Turkish
Full text linkThis thesis is an extensive acoustic study of a range of phonetic and phonological phenomena traditionally referred to as unstressed vowel reduction. Five geographically contiguous varieties of two typologically distinct and genealogically unrelated languages, Bulgarian and Turkish, are investigated: two standard varieties, West Bulgarian and Istanbul Turkish, and three varieties from northeast Bulgaria: the Bulgarian and Turkish of a bilingual community, and monolingual East Bulgarian.
Vowels are modelled as three-dimensional objects defined by duration, F1 and F2 frequencies. Unstressed Vowel Shift or the systematic differences between stressed and unstressed realisations, categorical target split and contrast neutralisation are implicationally related yet distinct aspects of traditional vowel reduction which are addressed separately. It is demonstrated that Unstressed Vowel Shift may, but does not have to, result in the phonologisation of a separate unstressed target, which in turn may, but again does not have to, merge with the target of another vowel.
East Bulgarian exhibits the highest degree of overall reduction: Unstressed Vowel Shift is strong and categorical, and results in the unstressed merger of all open–close vowel pairs. Istanbul Turkish lies at the opposite end of a reduction continuum, with only gradient Unstressed Vowel Shift under temporal pressure. West Bulgarian shows different degrees of reduction across vowel pairs. The bilingual varieties reveal intricate patterns of interference: Bilingual Turkish is influenced by East Bulgarian and exhibits greater reduction than both Istanbul Turkish and Bilingual Bulgarian, the latter displaying little reduction as a result of substratal Turkish transfer.
In addition to providing an in-depth analysis of Unstressed Vowel Shift in multiple varieties, the thesis investigates claims of typological incompatibility between vowel harmony and reduction, Unstressed Vowel Shift in the context of language contact, the phonological status of Unstressed Vowel Shift, the nature of phonological rules, and emergent features, which prove useful for modelling processes at different stages of phonologisation, as well as hybrid structure that arises in language contact. A number of previous claims about Bulgarian and Turkish phonology are refuted
The acoustics of Contemporary Standard Bulgarian vowels: A corpus study
Full text linkA comprehensive examination of the acoustics of Contemporary Standard Bulgarian vowels is lacking to date, and
this article aims to fill that gap. Six acoustic variables—the first three formant frequencies, duration, mean f0, and
mean intensity—of 11 615 vowel tokens from 140 speakers were analysed using linear mixed models, multivariate
analysis of variance, and linear discriminant analysis. The vowel system, which comprises six phonemes in stressed
position, [e a O i ɤ u], was examined from four angles. First, vowels in pretonic syllables were compared to other
unstressed vowels, and no spectral or durational differences were found, contrary to an oft-repeated claim that pretonic vowels reduce less. Second, comparisons of stressed and unstressed vowels revealed significant differences in
all six variables for the non-high vowels [e a O]. No spectral or durational differences were found in [i ɤ u], which
disproves another received view that high vowels are lowered when unstressed. Third, non-high vowels were compared with their high counterparts; the height contrast was completely neutralized in unstressed [a-ɤ] and [O-u] while
[e-i] remained distinct. Last, the acoustic correlates of vowel contrasts were examined, and it was demonstrated that
only F1, F2 frequencies and duration were systematically employed in differentiating vowel phonemes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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