88 research outputs found
Theory of Optimal Taxation and Current Tax Policy in Pakistan’s Agriculture
No full textpublic finance into the mould of classical welfare economics by emphasising minimisation of dead weight losses resulting from the imposition of a tax or faulty tax structure. As such, these modern theories have much in common with the traditional approach in terms of efficiency and equity. In spite of this, however, the differences remain. For example, the former theories adhere strictly to the norms of classical welfare economics which treats individual consumers as utility maximisers where improvements in welfare involve change that makes one individual better-off without making someone else worse-off [Stern (1987)]. In contrast to the emphasis of traditional theories on lump-sum taxes, the optimum tax literature is concerned with the implication of using non-lump-sum taxes which have a wider range and therefore more useful to the policy-maker. The recent work on normative tax theory looks at the impact of taxation on individual decisions and the trade off between raising revenues or redistributing tax burdens and the efficiency losses [Atkinson (1987)]. Finally, the optimal tax literature may be more pragmatic in its approach than traditional works as it realistically deals with government objectives and constraints and combines them into models that are sufficiently rich to allow for differences between people regarding income and expenditure patterns.
Design of LDPC Codes: A Survey and New Results
No full textThis survey paper provides fundamentals in the design of LDPC codes. To provide a target for the code designer, we first summarize the EXIT chart technique for determining (near-)optimal degree distributions for LDPC code ensembles. We also demonstrate the simplicity of representing codes by
protographs and how this naturally leads to quasi-cyclic LDPC codes. The EXIT chart technique is then extended to the special case of protograph-based LDPC codes. Next, we present several design approaches for LDPC codes which incorporate one or more accumulators, including quasi-cyclic accumulatorbased codes. The second half the paper then surveys several
algebraic LDPC code design techniques. First, codes based on finite geometries are discussed and then codes whose designs are based on Reed-Solomon codes are covered. The algebraic designs lead to cyclic, quasi-cyclic, and structured codes. The masking technique for converting regular quasi-cyclic LDPC codes to irregular codes is also presented. Some of these results and codes have not been presented elsewhere. The paper focuses
on the binary-input AWGN channel (BI-AWGNC). However, as discussed in the paper, good BI-AWGNC codes tend to be universally good across many channels. Alternatively, the reader may treat this paper as a starting point for extensions to more advanced channels. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of open problems
The Role of Sectarian Harmony Among Students in Educational Institutions (Schools, Colleges, and Universities) in Achieving Unity of the Ummah In the Light of Lessons Derived from the Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ: وحدتِ امت میں تعلیمی اداروں (سکول، کالج اور یونیورسٹی) کے طلبہ کی مسلکی ہم آہنگی کا کردار ( سیرت النبیﷺ سے مستفاد اسباق کی روشنی میں)
No full textUnity is a fundamental element in the formation of an Islamic welfare society. When the individuals of a society are united and religious and sectarian harmony exists, the society flourishes. One of the major issues in Pakistani society is sectarian disharmony (sectarianism), which has severely undermined unity. The root causes of this issue lie in misunderstandings, misconceptions, and ignorance about other sects and religious groups. These causes are deeply linked to social and political structures.
Students are the architects of the future, as the nation's and the community's leadership will ultimately be in their hands. The youth are trained on the right path is the one that progresses. To achieve the goal of unity in the Ummah, it is essential to ensure that students are not influenced by sectarianism. Their thinking should embody the spirit of unity and harmony. If this is instilled at the level of schools, colleges, and universities, there is no reason why the dream of national and communal unity cannot be realised.
This paper aims to examine how students in educational institutions can promote sectarian harmony among their peers and within society. It will explore to what extent students are inclined towards sectarian affiliations, whether sectarian and ideological associations are causing distance and hostility among them, and whether such groups exist in educational institutions based on sectarian lines. It will also assess whether students take these groups seriously, what impact religious disharmony has on students’ education and thought processes, and what lessons and points can be drawn from the Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ to promote sectarian harmony and unity among students
The Role of Religious Ppolitical parties of in Pakistan in interfaith harmony A Review in Historical Context: بین المسالک ہم آہنگی میں پاکستان کی مذہبی سیاسی جماعتوں کا کردار، تاریخی تناظر میں ایک جائزہ
No full textSectarianism is not merely associated with Islam but it affects all religions intensity. At the end of the twentieth century, sectarian elements and religious prejudices in Pakistan had intensified. Undoubtedly, the negative effects of sectarianism and religious provocation are now permeating the entire Pakistani society. The current situation in Pakistan demands that intellectuals academic circles and political-religious leaders and Spokespersons of serious scholarly unite together to play a positive role in a serious environment bearing respect, tolerance, and disagreement. In this regard, Pakistan's religious political parties have played a valuable role in demonstrating unity on various fronts over the last long period, which was a great step in ending sectarianism. Under review, a practical role has been reviewed at the end of the sectarianism of Pakistan,s political and religious parties, and this effort is expected to be a turning point in interfaith harmony in Pakistan
The Social and Communal Engagement of Religious Seminaries in the Contemporary Era: An Analytical Study: مدارسِ دینیہ کی عصر حاضر میں سماجی و معاشرتی فعالیت: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
No full textReligious seminaries (madaris) are not only centers for the teaching and dissemination of Islamic sciences but also constitute a vital pillar of Muslim social and cultural identity. Historically, these institutions have played a prominent role in educational, missionary, welfare, and judicial domains. In the contemporary era, as society undergoes rapid transformation and new social and cultural values emerge, an important question arises: do religious seminaries continue to maintain their social engagement today? If so, what is the nature of this engagement and what impact does it have?
This paper examines the social, welfare, and cultural activities of religious seminaries in the present age. It also seeks to explore whether these institutions possess the capacity to move beyond their traditional boundaries to meet modern social demands. If such capacity is lacking, the study considers the directions in which seminaries should progress.
The paper attempts to address the following questions:
What is the current social and communal role of religious seminaries?
Are seminaries actively contributing to public welfare, adult education, and social reform?
What changes are essential within seminaries to respond effectively to contemporary needs?
What challenges do seminaries face in sustaining and expanding their social engagement?
The study is based on analytical and qualitative research methods, incorporating fieldwork reports from seminaries, interviews with education experts, and a comparative analysis of existing social initiatives
Stakeholder theory and management: Understanding longitudinal collaboration networks
No full textThis paper explores the evolution of research collaboration networks in the 'stakeholder theory and management' (STM) discipline and identifies the longitudinal effect of co-authorship networks on research performance, i.e., research productivity and citation counts. Research articles totaling 6,127 records from 1989 to 2020 were harvested from the Web of Science Database and transformed into bibliometric data using Bibexcel, followed by applying social network analysis to compare and analyze scientific collaboration networks at the author, institution and country levels. This work maps the structure of these networks across three consecutive sub-periods (t1: 1989-1999; t2: 2000-2010; t3: 2011-2020) and explores the association between authors' social network properties and their research performance. The results show that authors collaboration network was fragmented all through the periods, however, with an increase in the number and size of cliques. Similar results were observed in the institutional collaboration network but with less fragmentation between institutions reflected by the increase in network density as time passed. The international collaboration had evolved from an uncondensed, fragmented and highly centralized network, to a highly dense and less fragmented network in t3. Moreover, a positive association was reported between authors' research performance and centrality and structural hole measures in t3 as opposed to ego-density, constraint and tie strength in t1. The findings can be used by policy makers to improve collaboration and develop research programs that can enhance several scientific fields. Central authors identified in the networks are better positioned to receive government funding, maximize research outputs and improve research community reputation. Viewed from a network's perspective, scientists can understand how collaborative relationships influence research performance and consider where to invest their decision and choices
Urinary tract infections caused by staphylococcus aureus DNA in comparison to the candida albicans DNA
No full textPathways of Peace. The Philosophy and Sociology of Peace and Nonviolence.
No full textThis book explores the close interconnection that exists between sociological and philosophical scholarship in relation to peace studies. Through an examination of the thought of nine leading philosophers and sociologists in their historical and geographical context, the author considers notions of nonviolent resistance, pacifism and reverse strike, as well as violence theories of conflict, theories of conflict resolution, the problem of war, and political transitions towards democratization. Engaging with the work of Thoreau, Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, Capitini, Dolci, Bobbio, Galtung, Sharp and Weil, and considering the institutionalisation of peace research, this volume will appeal to scholars and students of sociology, politics and philosophy with interest in peace and security studies, and conflict
Parasites and pathological condition in Green mussel Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1758 from western Johor Straits, Malaysia
No full textEstimation of Distribution of Income in Pakistan, Using Micro Data
No full textIncome distribution entered the post war discussion of economic development fairly late. Until the 1960s much of the focus was on industrialisation and the need for capital accumulation. Pakistan was no exception as in the early 60s economic expansion became the main target and means to political identity. Rapid population growth associated with steep decline in mortality demanded acceleration of production to keep pace. Overall aggregate expansion was much faster than before but without benefit for the poor. In that context emerged a new professional interest in income distribution. Haq’s (1964) study was one of the oldest studies conducted to measure inequality in personal income distribution in the high income brackets in the urban areas of Pakistan. The main objective of the author was to present the income distribution pattern in terms of the relative shares of different income groups as well as in terms of Pareto coefficients and concentration ratio during the period 1948-49 to 1957-58 for which published tax data was available. While recognising the limitations of the data used, the author went on to calculate various measures of income inequality including Pareto coefficient and Lorenz curve. The author also made comparison of Pakistan’s income distribution with U.S.A. and U.K.
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