1,721,006 research outputs found
Principles and Rules in the Emerging European Contract Law: from the PECL to the CESL, and Beyond
No full textLegal principles play an important role in any system of law. Following the European Court of Justice, the treaties of the European Union have embraced the concept of "principles of law", mainly as a means to guarantee individual and human rights in public and constitutional law. More recently, however, the ECJ has come to recognize as "general principles"private law and contract law norms and values. Furthermore, the notion of "principles"has played a key role in impressive unification projects which aimed to promote harmonization of national contract laws in Europe, such as the PECL ("Principles of European Contract Law") and the DCFR (Draft Common Frame of Reference). The proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL) also opens with a separate chapter dedicated to "General Principles"of contract law. The article invites the reader to think more carefully and critically about the role played by alleged "principles"in the law generally, and in the evolving European law of contract in particular. Part II points out the instability and vagueness of the concept of a legal "principle". Part III presents an original theoretical model which aims to reduce the inherent vagueness surrounding the concept and the distinction between legal rules and legal principles. The model suggests that while principles do often differ from rules in other respects as well (e.g., in their substantive content or analytical structure), these common distinctions fail to capture the most essential difference between principles and rules, which lies in their sharply distinct political function. Part IV applies this general thesis to the multi-level constitutional architecture of European law, coming to the conclusion that the principles of European private law are those common core norms which are shared by the laws of most Member States (ius commune Europaeum). Part V applies and illustrates this claim on the various instruments by which the Union has attempted to promoted the unification of contract law around Europe. Part VI concludes by claiming that the European principles, including that of subsidiarity, are best understood as a balancing device by which the Union adjusts the level of regulation between legislature and courts on the one hand, and between the supranational and national powers on the other. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Towards a European Law of Unjustified Enrichment
No full textThough historically recent, a European law of unjustified enrichment is already existing and embraces both contractual and extra-contractual restitution, which however are governed by different rules and shall not therefore lose their own specificity. In contractual restitution, the remedy is based on the general principle of unjustified enrichment (both in civil and in common law by now) and has a very large field of application: unlike the German model followed by the DCFR, distinguishing between avoided and terminated contracts is not necessary from the point of view of restitution of performances rendered by the parties (as demonstrated by the CESL), nor is convenient elaborating further sets of rules for the case of contractual voidness or withdrawal. In extra-contractual restitution, the Directive 2004/48/EC relating to the protection of intellectual and industrial property has provided for two different remedies (against infringement). The first, i.e. the payment of a lump sum equal to reasonable royalties or fees, is but a restitution of unjustified enrichment according to the general principle of law (though English courts have regarded it as relating to damages). The second, i.e. account and disgorgement of profits gained by the wrongdoer, however, is not properly based on the same general principle of law, because such profits can by definition exceed the claimant's expenses: nevertheless, this restitutionary remedy, which is definitely established in English common law, can be granted by civil law as well, since it is but the action against the negotiorum gestor which has been foreseen by Roman tradition
The DCFR - Restitution, Unjust Enrichment and Related Issues
No full textIl saggio tratta della disciplina dell'arricchimento senza causa che è dettata dal Draft Common Frame of Referenc
La trascrizione dei contratti che costituiscono, trasferiscono o modificano diritti edificatori
No full textIl contributo prende in considerazione una nuova tipologia di atti trascrivibili ai sensi dell'art. 2643 c.c
Good Faith and Reasonableness in European Contract Law
No full textThe paper analyzes the concept of Good faith and the concept of Reasonableness in European Contract Law. It points out the reasons of the success and even of some skepticism towards such concepts and it explains how they could rule together and be efficient in the european dimension
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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