1,721,089 research outputs found
Interactive Epistemology in Games with Payoff Uncertainty
No full textWe adopt an interactive epistemology perspective to analyze dynamic games with partially unknown payoff functions. We consider solution procedures that iteratively delete strategies conditional on private information about the state of nature. In particular we focus on a weak and a strong version of the Δ-rationalizability solution concept, where Δ represents given restrictions on players' beliefs about state of nature and strategies (Battigalli, 2003, Battigalli and Siniscalchi, 2003). We first show that weak Δ-rationalizability is characterized by initial common certainty of rationality and of the restrictions Δ, whereas strong Δ-rationalizability is characterized by common strong belief in rationality and the restrictions Δ (cf. Battigalli and Siniscalchi, 2002). The latter result allows us to obtain an epistemic characterization of the iterated intuitive criterion. Then we use the framework to analyze the robustness of complete-information rationalizability solution concepts to the introduction of "slight" uncertainty about payoffs. If the set of conceivable payoff functions is sufficiently large, the set of strongly rationalizable strategies with slight payoff uncertainty coincides with the set of complete-information, weakly rationalizable strategies
Rationalizable bidding in first price auctions
No full textWe analyze the consequences of strategically sophisticated bidding without assuming equilibrium behavior. In particular, we characterize interim rationalizable bids in symmetric first-price auctions with interdependent values and affiliated signals. We show that (1) every non-zero bid below the equilibrium is rationalizable, (2) some bids above the equilibrium are rationalizable, (3) the upper bound on rationalizable bids of a given player is a non-decreasing function of her signal. In the special case of independent signals and quasi-linear valuation functions, (i) the least upper bound on rationalizable bids is concave; hence (ii) rationalizability implies substantial proportional shading for high valuations, but is consistent with negligible proportional shading for low valuations. We argue that our theoretical analysis may shed some light on experimental findings about deviations from the risk-neutral Nash equilibrium
Strong belief and forward induction reasoning
No full textWe provide an epistemic analysis of forward induction in games with complete and incomplete information. We suggest that forward induction may be usefully interpreted as a set of assumptions governing the players' belief revision processes, and define a notion of strong belief to formalize these assumptions. Building on the notion of strong belief, we provide an epistemic characterization of extensive-form rationalizability and the intuitive criterion, as well as sufficient epistemic conditions for the backward induction outcome. We also investigate the robustness of rationalizability to slight payoff uncertainity
Hierarchies of conditional beliefs and interactive epistemology in dynamic games
Full text linkDigitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020
Effect of Loading into a Truck, Short Isolation and Unloading on Packet Cell Volume (PCV), Behavior and Physiological Parameters in Quarter Horses
No full textA proliferation of literature has investigated the effect of road transport in farm animals (Stockman et al
2013). In horses loading is a critical point of transportation, often causing injures both to horses or owners and
wasting time (Ferguson and Rosalez Luis 2001). Loading is considered a mental stress in horses (Waran and
Cuddeford 1995). Horses have to leave a familiar environment and herd. They often have a negative association
with the truck: a long period of isolation, no possibility of escape, and racing or competition after unloading
(Slater and Dymond 2011). Studies on transport stress are adequate but those about only loading procedures are
few and need replication (Shanahan 2003). The aim of this work was to investigate the effects that loading, short
isolation in the truck and unloading without a travel experience had on physiological and behavioral parameters
after many repetitions. Fourteen Quarter Horses, accustomed to travel, homogeneous for live weight (500 ± 25
kg), body condition score (3 ± 0.25 arbitrary units; Martin-Rosset 1990) and age (6 ± 1 years), were recruited in
this study. Each animal was loaded into the truck, without any reinforcements or punishments, spent one minute
inside (tied parallel to the direction of travel), unloaded and returned to its box stall. The experiment was
repeated 12 times. All animals were tested on the same day once weekly over 12 weeks. The horses were
examined at rest in their stalls (Time I), after loading (Time II) and after unloading (Time III). Each examination
included the registration of heart rate (HR) by Heart Monitor (Polar) and respiratory rate (RR) by the observation
of chest-wall movements. At Time I and III blood samples were collected by venepuncture to assess cortisol
level, PCV and total protein (TP). The same handler was used over the experiment. All phases were recorded by
video camera to score the horse behavior. A group of ten persons marked the horses during loading, isolation and
unloading applying a behavioral score (BS) from 1 (relaxed) to 5 (refusal to load). Maximal time for loading was
set at 5 minutes. General Linear Model (GLM) analysis for repeated measures revealed differences in the HR
and RR over the experimental period and in PCV and cortisol between rest and after unloading (Table 1). The
BS was also significantly different among the different transport phases (loading (1.96±1.35) and unloading
(1.79±0.78) vs short isolation (1.38±0.56); F=12.91; P < 0.001). Our data confirmed that horses were under
stress by loading into a truck. They released adrenaline that caused the significant increase of HR, RR and PCV.
Cortisol level also showed an upward trend, which is typical after a stressful situation. We suggest that loading
into the truck is still a fearful experience after 12 repetitions, so this event requires appropriate management even
in horses well trained and accustomed to transport. Further studies are needed in this field to develop new
methods of loading procedure to reduce stress and safeguard horses welfare.
Table 1. Effect of loading, short isolation and unloading on horse physiology and haematology.
Parameter TI (rest) TII
(after loading)
TIII
(after unloading)
P Value
HR (beat/min) 36.31A 60.64Bb 51.61Bb <0.001
RR (breath/min) 12.51A 20.04B 15.86A <0.001
PCV (%) 31.03A . 37.70B <0.001
TP (g/dl) 6.52 . 6.50 0.930
Cortisol (ng/ml) 70.04 . 97.23 0.05
Means followed by different letters differ statistically: A,B; P<0.01 and a,b; P<0.0
Distribution of ash-fall deposits on Campanian carbonate slopes and implications on debris slides - debris flows initiation (Abstract)
No full textInteractive Beliefs, Epistemic Independence and Strong Rationalizability
No full textWe use a universal, extensive form interactive beliefs system to provide an epistemic characterization of a weak and a strong notion of rationalizability with independent beliefs. The weak solution concept is equivalent to backward induction in generic perfect information games where no player moves more than once in any play. The strong solution concept is related to explicability (Reny,[22]) and is outcome-equivalent to backward induction in generic games of perfect information
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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