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Building techniques in the Umbrian Middle Ages. From history to conservation
No full textUmbria has a great, widely known, art and architectural heritage. Throughout the entirety of the Middle Ages, the unique geography and strategic location of this region promoted the development of a prolific architectural culture while the succession of various sovereignties left behind compelling civil, military and religious buildings.Systematic scientific investigation into the building techniques of Umbria in the Middle Ages has never been conducted despite the extensive studies focused on the monuments of this area.
The aim of the present research is to identify successive techniques within the evolution of the building methods along the via Flaminia, in particular in the Umbrian region in XII and XIII centuries. The results are based on surveying and analyzing the masonry from the Middle Ages starting from the examination of the building materials used to their modifications and typologies.
The current study is focused on architectural conservation and restoration and intends to extend the life of Umbrian architectural heritage while facilitating the understating of said patrimony through the promotion of its authenticity. Quintessential factors of this study, therefore, are the recognition and conservation of the building material. To this end, the analysis of the masonry becomes a fundamental instrument in the understanding of the subject itself and is a necessary element in the preservation of the entire architectural discovery
Per una rilettura della bicromia sulle superfici murarie medievali in Umbria
No full textL’accostamento di materiali cromaticamente diversi nei paramenti murari è una scelta che lega il ‘disegno’ decorativo della superficie alla struttura architettonica da cui dipende. La realizzazione di simili apparati, già oggetto di studio in campo artistico e architettonico, presuppone non solo la possibilità di disporre di adeguate materie prime, ma anche un’attenta organizzazione del cantiere, con la presenza di figure specializzate nelle fasi di progetto e di costruzione.
In seguito a una classificazione sistematica dei manufatti realizzati in epoca medievale in area umbra, viene proposta una rilettura del tema costruttivo che tiene conto anche delle patologie di degrado delle superfici in esame.
La presenza di elementi bicromi in architettura, riscontrabile in Europa già dalla fine dell’VIII secolo, appare solo nel X secolo anche in Umbria, dove raggiunge il momento di massima accuratezza nella realizzazione tra il Duecento e il Trecento. Nelle città di Perugia, Assisi, Foligno, Spoleto, Gubbio, Spello, Todi e Sangemini sono stati realizzati interi elevati murari caratterizzati dalla regolare successione di conci di pietra bianca e rosa disposti in filari, fasce di filari e decorazioni più complesse.
È stato nel contempo però rilevato che i calcari rossi possono subire fenomeni di decolorazione differenziale irreversibili, causati dalla presenza di acqua, che portano la pietra a virare dal rosa al bianco o all’ocra, in alcuni casi creando confusione sull'interpretazione formale delle opere. Tali cambiamenti cromatici del materiale dipendono dalla struttura degli ossidi presenti nella roccia e sono tuttora oggetto di studio, ma sembrano verificarsi in un arco di tempo che varia tra i 40 e i 100 anni dall’estrazione della pietra. Si può supporre quindi che la reazione di alcuni tipi di scaglia rossa agli agenti atmosferici non dovesse essere sconosciuta ai costruttori medievali, ma che fosse difficile da controllare, con la conseguente realizzazione di strutture con decorazioni che oggi appaiono non ‘regolari’ solo a causa del cambio di colore della pietra.Thanks to the systematic classification of the medieval masonry found in the Umbria region, this paper puts forward a reinterpretation of building techniques and looks into the decay of the surfaces that it studied. Bichromatic elements first appeared in European masonry at the end of the VIII century but they only reached in Umbria during the the X century, where this technique reached its highest technical accuracy between the 1300s and 1400s. In Perugi, Assisi, Foligno, Spoleto, Gubbio, Spello, Todi and Sangemini, entire walls were made of white and pink limestone ashlars laid alternately to make lines, bundles or more complex structural decorations. Meanwhile, it should be noted that pink limestone can change colour, permanently turning white or ochre (dark yellow) when it come into contact with water, a factor that sometimes confuses the formal interpretation of the original patterns used in wall cladding. Though we can suppose that medieval builders were familiar with the process of colour degradation in some rocks, they were unable to control this phenomenon. As a result, they made structures that can now appear irregularly clad only because the colour of the stones has changed
International award "Domus Restauro e Conservazione", section of graduate, postgraduate and PhD theses
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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