1,721,034 research outputs found
Adult employment probabilities of socially maladjusted children
Full text linkThis study investigates the relationship between childhood social maladjustment and adult employment probabilities. Using data from the British National Child Development Study, we find that being socially maladjusted at age 11 has a negative effect on adult employment probabilities. Accounting for state dependence nearly doubles the negative effect of social maladjustment. Moreover, socially maladjusted individuals exhibit stronger state dependence than do socially adjusted individuals, suggesting that the former experience greater difficulties in finding a job when not employed. This finding is possibly due to the persistence of antisocial behavior and/or subsequent disadvantages associated with childhood social maladjustment. We also find that females are more penalized than males for low-middle levels of social maladjustment, while males suffer more in cases of higher levels. In addition, childhood social maladjustment is less detrimental to adult employment probabilities if cohort-members exhibit reduced antisocial behavioral aspects during adolescence. The estimation results are robust to exogeneity tests and the introduction of additional controls testing the role of school/living environment. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at improving social skills during adolescence and favoring insertion in the labor market may be effective in both improving employment prospects and achieving social inclusion of affected individuals
Conviction, gender and labour market status
Full text linkApplying Propensity Score Matching to the National Child Development Study, we find that conviction reduces the employment probability of middle-aged British females about three times more than comparable males. Moreover, while males recover part of the disadvantage by increasing self-employment, conviction results in a strong labour market marginalization for females, as unemployment and, overall, inactivity increase. Robustness checks tend to confirm these findings. This suggests both a stronger discouragement effect for females and a different attitude toward self-employment or excluding factors (e.g. access to borrowing)
Flexibility Policies and Re-employment Probabilities in Italy
No full textWe analyze the effects of Italian labor market reforms “at the margin” on the probability of exiting from non-employment and entering permanent and temporary contracts, using WHIP data for the period 1985–2004. We find that the reforms have strengthened the duration dependence parameter, meaning a
stronger labor market gap in employment opportunities between the short- and
long-term non-employed. We suggest that in a flexible labor market, long-term
unemployment is used by firms as a screening device to detect less productive workers. We also find evidence of greater differences in employment opportunities according to gender, and of reduced differences between regional labor markets
The trend over time of labour market opportunities for young people in Italy
No full textWe analyse the re-employment probabilities of young people (ages 15–24) from 1985 to 2004. We find that this 20 year period decades were characterized by an increase in youth employment, especially since the mid-1990s. Nonetheless, the employment opportunities offered to disadvantaged workers were primarily atypical and therefore did not imply a stable and permanent increase in the bulk of youth employment. In addition, although the increase in re-employment probabilities by atypical contract would be largely explainable by flexibility policies, the evolution of re-employment probabilities by permanent and fixed-term contracts would be a consequence of competing causes, including a selection of higher productive workers
The long-term impact of family difficulties during childhood on labor market outcomes
No full textThe literature on child development shows that the promotion of cognitive and non-cognitive skills is essential to prevent inequalities in adult socioeconomic outcomes. In this context, the family environment plays a strategic role, as during childhood, it represents the most important institution for child development. This paper evaluates the long-term impact of various family difficulties during childhood on adult labor market outcomes. Evidence of negative impacts on employment probability and wages emerges from applying propensity score matching to the UK National Child Development Study. Simulation-based sensitivity analysis and standard parametric techniques support our findings. We also find that the intensity of the negative impact appears to increase with the number of recorded family difficulties, while the negative effect does not decline over the cohort’s working life. Moreover, we find that housing and economic (financial and unemployment) problems are responsible for the more serious disadvantages, while disabilities of family members and familial disharmony do not produce statistically negative impacts per se but tend to do so only if associated with other family difficulties, including economic and housing difficulties
Does the first job affect current youth working status in Bangladesh?
Full text linkPurpose: This paper evaluates how the first job when individuals entered the labor market affects the probability of youth being currently employed in formal or informal work in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on data from the ILO School-to-Work Transition Surveys. The authors use a full-information maximum likelihood approach to estimate a two-equation model, which accounts for selection into the labor market when estimating the impact of entry status on current work outcomes. The main equation outcome follows a multinomial distribution thus avoiding a priori assumptions about the level of individual’s utility associated with each work status. Findings: The authors find that entering the labor market in a vulnerable employment position (i.e. contributing family work or self-employment) traps into vulnerable employment and prevents the transition to both informal and, especially, formal paid work. This finding holds when accounting for endogeneity of the entry status and it is valid both in the short and in the long run. Young women are less likely to enter the labor market, and once entered they are less likely to access formal paid wok and more likely to being inactive than young men. Low education anticipates the entry in the labor market, but it is detrimental for future employment prospects. Originality/value: The findings indicate the presence of labor market segmentation between vulnerable and non-vulnerable employment and suggest the endpoint quality of the school-to-work transition is crucial for later employment prospects of Bangladeshi youth
The causal effect of family difficulties during childhood on adult labour market outcomes
No full textDisability and Low Income Persistence in Italian Households
No full textPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the probability of low income for households with disabled members in Italy, over the period 2004-2007, with special focus on the role of persistence.
Design/methodology/approach – Households with disabled members are compared with those without disabled members, and those with disabled members temporary limited. Alternative definitions of disability are considered. The probability of low income is estimated adopting dynamic probit models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, state dependence and endogenous initial conditions. Findings – Evidence is found of significant true state dependence for households with disabled members. However, true state dependence does not significantly differ from that of other households. The probability of low income for households with disabled members is also determined by some structural variables, such as employment of disabled individuals, living in the South, household's partner employment and household size.
Practical implications – In the short run, money transfer is effective to lift households with disabled members from low income and to prevent the risk of low income in the future. Structural policies are possibly relevant in reducing the long-term risk of low income. These include interventions to favour employment of disabled members and development of caring services for disabled members to free family members for outside work.
Originality/value – Not much is known about how disability affects the conditions of households with disabled members. The paper contributes to this literature with a novel analysis of low income persistence, providing some policy suggestions
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