1,721,020 research outputs found
La disfunzione del recettore striatale D2 induce un’alterata trasmissione GABAergica in un modello murino di distonia DYT1
Get PDFLa distonia DYT1 è una grave forma di distonia generalizzata causata da una mutazione del gene DYT1 che codifica per la proteina TorsinA. La funzione di tale proteina rimane ancora poco chiara anche se è stato proposto che possa svolgere importanti funzioni nel traffico proteico intracellulare e nei processi secretori. Lo striato, all'interno dei gangli della base svolge un importante ruolo nella regolazione dell'attività motoria, ed alterazioni a carico di tale struttura appaiono essere coinvolti nella patogenesi della distonia. Ho registrato pertanto le correnti sinaptiche spontanee sia di tipo
GABAergico che glutamatergico in neuroni spinosi striatali (MSNs) da animali che sovraesprimevano la proteina umana mutata (hMT) confrontandoli poi con animali di controllo (CTRL) e con quelli che esprimevano la proteina umana non-mutata (hWT). Gli animali mutati presentavano
un significativo aumento nella frequenza degli eventi sinaptici GABAergici (sIPSCs) non accompagnato però da variazioni nell'ampiezza di tali correnti. Al contrario l'attività spontanea di tipo glutamatergico (sEPSC) risultava essere del tutto normale.
L'inibizione GABAergica striatale è di origine esclusivamente instrinseca e deriva da due distinte fonti. Una delle più importanti tuttavia fa capo agli interneuroni GABAergici Fast Spiking
(FS). Ho pertanto verificato l'ipotesi che tali cellule potessero presentare alterazioni nella loro normale funzionalità. Sia gli sIPSCs che gli sEPSC registrati risultavano tuttavia essere invariati fra
gli animali hMT, hWT e quelli di controllo.
In condizioni fisiologiche l'attivazione del recettore dopaminergico D2 agisce
presinapticamente inibendo il rilascio di GABA. Nei MSNs di animali di controllo e hWT, tale funzionalità risultava essere del tutto preservata. L'applicazione di quinpirolo (agonista D2-like)
portava infatti ad una significativa riduzione della frequenza degli sIPSCs misurati. Tale effetto
tuttavia era assente negli animali hMT. Inoltre sia MSNs sia FS di topi hMT non presentavano l'effetto inibitorio tipico del quinpirolo sulle correnti sinaptiche evocate tramite stimolazione elettrica (eIPSCs).
In conclusione il mio lavoro dimostra la presenza di un'alterata attività del circuito
GABAergico striatale in un modello animale di distonia DYT1, che può essere in parte giustificata da una disfunzione del recettore dopaminergico D2.DYT1 dystonia is a severe form of inherited generalized dystonia, caused by a deletion in the DYT1 gene encoding the protein torsinA. The physiological function of torsinA is unclear, though it has been proposed to perform chaperone-like functions, assist in protein trafficking, membrane fusion and participate in secretory processing. Alterations in GABAergic signaling have been involved in the pathogenesis of dystonia. I recorded GABA- and glutamate-mediated synaptic currents from striatal neurons obtained from a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from mice expressing human mutant torsinA (hMT), we observed a significantly higher frequency, but not amplitude, of GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and miniature currents (mIPSCs), whereas glutamatergic spontaneous excitatory synaptic potentials (sEPSCs) activity was normal. No alterations were found in mice overexpressing normal human torsinA (hWT). To identify the possible sources of the increased GABAergic tone, I recorded GABAergic Fast-Spiking (FS) interneurons that exert a feed-forward inhibition on MSNs. Both sEPSC and sIPSC recorded from hMT FS interneurons were comparable to hWT and controls.In physiological conditions, dopamine (DA) D2 receptor act presynaptically to reduce striatal GABA release. Notably, application of the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole failed to reduce the frequency of sIPSCs in MSNs from hMT as compared to hWT and controls. Likewise, the inhibitory effect of quinpirole was lost on evoked IPSCs both in MSNs and FS interneurons from hMT mice. My findings demonstrate a disinhibition of GABAergic synaptic activity, that can be partially attributed to a D2 DA receptor dysregulation. A rise in GABA transmission would result in a profound alteration of striatal output, that might be relevant to the pathogenesis of dystonia
Messaggistica Sanitaria HL7 in un Contesto di Cooperazione Applicativa
Get PDFObiettivo di questo articolo è definire una possibile integrazione della specifica SP Coop e dello standard HL7
attraverso la piattaforma Mirth per lo scambio di referti sanitari tra sistemi informativi eterogenei
Dystonia as a network disorder: A concept in evolution
No full textPurpose of reviewThis survey takes into consideration the most recent advances in both human degenerative ataxias, disorders with a well established cerebellar origin, and discoveries from dystonia rodent models aimed at discussing the pathogenesis of dystonia.Recent findingsOne common recurrent term that emerges when describing dystonia is heterogeneity. Indeed, dystonia encompasses a wide group of hyperkinetic' movement disorders, with heterogeneous causes, classification, anatomical and physiological substrates. In addition, the clinical heterogeneity of age at onset, symptom distribution and appearance of non-motor symptoms has supported the concept of dystonia as network' disorder. Pathophysiological alterations are thought to arise from dysfunction at cortico-thalamic-basal ganglia level, whereas, more recently, a role for cerebellar pathways emerged. Results from human and animal studies thus fuel the evolving concept of the network disorder.SummaryCurrent evidence suggests the involvement of multiple brain regions and cellular mechanisms, as part of the neural dysfunction observed at system level in dystonia
Plasticity, genetics and epigenetics in dystonia: An update
No full textDystonia represents a group of movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that result in abnormal posture and twisting movements. In the last 20 years several animal models have been generated, greatly improving our knowledge of the neural and molecular mechanism underlying this pathological condition, but the pathophysiology remains still poorly understood. In this review we will discuss recent genetic factors related to dystonia and the current understanding of synaptic plasticity alterations reported by both clinical and experimental research. We will also present recent evidence involving epigenetics mechanisms in dystonia
Memories are not written in stone: Re-writing fear memories by means of non-invasive brain stimulation and optogenetic manipulations
Get PDFThe acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem. After fear consolidation, a suppression of fear memory in the absence of danger is crucial to permit adaptive coping behavior. Acquisition and maintenance of fear extinction critically depend on amygdala-PFC projections. The robust correspondence between the brain networks encompassed cortical and subcortical hubs involved into fear processing in humans and in other species underscores the potential utility of comparing the modulation of brain circuitry in humans and animals, as a crucial step to inform the comprehension of fear mechanisms and the development of treatments for fear-related disorders. The present review is aimed at providing a comprehensive description of the literature on recent clinical and experimental researches regarding the noninvasive brain stimulation and optogenetics. These innovative manipulations applied over specific hubs of fear matrix during fear acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation and extinction allow an accurate characterization of specific brain circuits and their peculiar interaction within the specific fear processing
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Promising rodent models in Parkinson's disease
No full textBACKGROUND: In the past decade, the study of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) has revealed a genetic component, often associated with a number of environmental risk factors. Animal models have improved our understanding of disease pathogenesis, providing significant insights into the understanding of novel molecular pathways. Each model has its own specific features and limitations, and the choice of the most appropriate one depends on the specific question that has to be answered.
AIM: To provide an overview of some of the models supporting the hypothesis that early synaptic dysfunction represents a central event in the course of the disease.
DEVELOPMENT: Along with "classical" models, based on the administration of neurotoxins and capable of replicating the neuropathological hallmarks of the disease, a number of genetic models, reproducing the disease-causing mutations of monogenic forms of familial PD, have been generated. More recently, novel models have been developed, based on the combination of a toxic insult together with PD mutations, allowing for the identification of dysfunction at a prodromal disease stage.
CONCLUSIONS: The development and characterization of new models is crucial for a better understanding of PD related-synaptopathy, and hold promise for the identification of novel therapeutics
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
- …
