137,682 research outputs found
On the Length of Strongly Monotone Descending Chains over
No full textA recent breakthrough by Künnemann, Mazowiecki, Schütze, Sinclair-Banks, and Wegrzycki (ICALP, 2023) bounds the running time for the coverability problem in -dimensional vector addition systems under unary encoding to , improving on Rackoff\u27s upper bound (Theor. Comput. Sci., 1978), and provides conditional matching lower bounds.
In this paper, we revisit Lazić and Schmitz\u27 ideal view of the backward coverability algorithm (Inform. Comput., 2021) in the light of this breakthrough. We show that the controlled strongly monotone descending chains of downwards-closed sets over that arise from the dual backward coverability algorithm of Lazić and Schmitz on -dimensional unary vector addition systems also enjoy this tight upper bound on their length, and that this also translates into the same bound on the running time of the backward coverability algorithm.
Furthermore, our analysis takes place in a more general setting than that of Lazić and Schmitz, which allows to show the same results and improve on the 2EXPSPACE upper bound derived by Benedikt, Duff, Sharad, and Worrell (LICS, 2017) for the coverability problem in invertible affine nets
Hyposmocoma uhauiole Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, SP. NOV.
No full text<i>HYPOSMOCOMA UHAUIOLE</i> SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 1B, 6, 11B) <p> <i>Material examined:</i> HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Kauai, Uhau‘iole Stream | ‘cone’ case, VIII-8-[20]07 | em[ergence]. X-31-[20]07, #DR07H1A | <i>leg</i> [<i>it</i>]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff, W[ill]. Haines’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | uhauiole | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM.</p> <p>PARATYPES: 16 ♂, 23 ♀, from Kauai Island, Hawaii, USA; 5 ♂, 13 ♀, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 16.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 17.viii.2007 (1 ♀, dissected PS143), 18.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 19.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 21.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 26.x.2007 (2 ♀), 31.x.2007 (1 ♀), 7.xi.2007 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 26.xii.2007 (2 ♂, one dissected PS142), 2.i.2008 (2 ♂, dissected PS154 and PS160), 8.i.2008 (1 ♀), 30.i.2008 (1 ♀); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, HI: Kauai Island, Uhau‘iole Stream, among rocks, 8.viii.2007, Haines, Rubinoff, coll.; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, HI: Kauai, Uhau‘iole St [rea]m., 7.4 mi [les] from Kuamo’o R [oa]d., 27.ii.2004, ‘cone’, Em [e]rg[ed]. 4.v.2004 (2 ♂), 12.v.2004 (1 ♀), 27.v.2004 (1 ♀), Rubinoff, coll.; 1 ♀, HI: Kauai, Uhau‘iole Stream, ii.2004, Emerg [e]d. 26.iii.2004, Rubinoff, coll.; 9 ♂, 6 ♀, HI: Kauai, N. Fork of Wailua river, N 22.06269°, W 159.46791°, elev[ation]. 1186 f[ee]t, ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009, em[ergence]. 20.iii.2009 (1 ♀), 28.iii.2009 (2 ♀), 29.iii.2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 30.iii.2009 (8 ♂, 2 ♀), #DR09B4A, coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D[aniel]. Rubinoff, M[ichael]. San Jose; 1 ♂, HI: Kauai, Keahua stream, N 22.07143°, W 159.41765°, elev. 607 ft, ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009, em. 4.iv.2009, #DR09B6A, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose; 1 ♀, HI: Kauai, Uhauiole stream, N 22.06557°, W 159.42076°, elev. 613 ft, ‘cone’ case, 23.ii.2009, em. 25.iii.2009, #DR09B5A, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose. Deposited in BPBM, MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Hyposmocoma uhauiole</i> is most similar in forewing markings to <i>H. kahamanoa</i> sp. nov., <i>H. kahaiao</i> sp. nov., and <i>H. saccophora</i> Walsingham, 1907, but it differs from these species in that the males have a thick sclerotized ring and sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, and in that the male genitalia have small rounded sclerotized spur-like setae on the right valva and very long setae on the left valva.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Male (<i>N</i> = 17) (Figs 1B, 6). Wingspan 6.5–7.9 mm (holotype: 7.8 mm). As <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except forewing uniformly dark grey, sometimes with very few scattered white scales, with no distinct markings, although on some specimens the dark grey and/or cream markings can be more or less visible.</p> <p> Male genitalia (<i>N</i> = 1) (Fig. 6). As for <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except for valvae with three rounded spurlike setae on right valva and three on left valva sequentially longer distally, being four to six ¥ the length of those on right valva.</p> <p> Female (<i>N</i> = 23). Wingspan 7.1–9.0 mm. As <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except forewing uniformly dark grey.</p> <p> Female genitalia (<i>N</i> = 1) (Fig. 11B). As for <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except for posterior apophyses about 3.5 ¥ length of anterior apophyses.</p> <p> Larval case (<i>N</i> = 247). Cone-shaped structure, 7.0– 8.0 mm in length, as <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except case ventrally not as smooth, with more texture underneath and more a dull white than silver colour. Cases frequently less straight than <i>H. kahamanoa</i> giving the case a less angular, more irregular appearance.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> The name <i>H. uhauiole</i> is derived from the Uhau‘iole stream on the eastern side of the island of Kauai where this species can be found.</p> <p> <i>Biology:</i> Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae can be collected day or night on rocks in streams on the island of Kauai in February and August, but probably occur nearly year-round. The larvae of this moth can be seasonally abundant on rocks along the shoreline and in the middle of the streams where they occur. Moths were often seen flying between emergent rocks and crawling actively on them during the day. This species is partially sympatric and synchronic with <i>Hyposmocoma ipowainui</i> and <i>Hyposmocoma wailua</i>, a burrito and a bugle-cased species, respectively (see below for species descriptions). The exact range of this species is not clear, although it is replaced by the superficially similar species, <i>H. kawaikoi</i>, on the western side of Kauai, from which <i>H. uhauiole</i> is quite genetically distinct (Rubinoff, 2008). This suggests historical barriers to gene flow confirming at least the partial allopatry that we observed. Initial genetic data suggest the possibility of a cryptic species within the <i>H. uhauiole</i> lineage, but we were unable to see any corresponding morphological divergence and leave this issue for future research.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Known only from various streams (Uhau‘iole, Wailua, and Keahua streams) found on the eastern side of the island of Kauai where it appears to be endemic.</p> <p> <i>Remarks:</i> This species can be abundant on and under rocks in and near flowing water but frequents small and large rocks, unlike the burrito-cased sympatric species, which seems to prefer large boulders, avoiding smaller rocks. Preliminary <i>COI</i> sequence data suggests a cryptic cone-cased sympatric species, but we have yet to find morphological characters to support any division.</p>Published as part of <i>Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, pp. 15-42 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)</i> on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5440227">http://zenodo.org/record/5440227</a>
Entrevista Leandro Schmitz
No full textEntrevista Leandro Schmitz C.A. n.9DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35700/ca.2018.ano5n9.p9-12.2565</p
Hyposmocoma ipowainui Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, SP. NOV.
No full text<i>HYPOSMOCOMA IPOWAINUI</i> SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 12B, 14B, 16, 20B) <p> <i>Material examined:</i> HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Kauai, Uhau‘iole Stream | ‘burrito’ case, VIII-8- [20]07 | em[ergence]. VIII-11-[20]07, #DR07H1B | <i>leg</i> [<i>it</i>]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff, W [ill]. Haines’; [2] ‘ HOLO- TYPE | Hyposmocoma | ipowainui | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM.</p> <p> PARATYPES: 10 ♂, 13 ♀, from Kauai Island, Hawaii, USA; 1 ♂, with same data as holotype; 3 ♂, 5 ♀, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 19.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 26.viii.2007 (1 ♀), 11.ix.2007 (1 ♂, dissected PS146), 27.ix.2007 (1 ♀), 3.i.2008 (1 ♂); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, HI: Kauai Island, Uhau‘iole Stream, amongst rocks, 8.viii.2007, Haines, Rubinoff, coll[ectors].; 3 ♂ (one dissected, PS112), 5 ♀ (one dissected, PS147), HI: Kauai co. N. fork Wailua R [i]v[e]r. Blue Hole Tr [ai]l. H[ea]d. ‘burrito’, 27.ii.2004, Em [e]rg[ed]. 3/ 12.v.2004, Rubinoff, coll[ector].; 1 ♀, HI: Kauai, Alakai Swamp area, Kawaikoi stream, ‘burrito’ case, 3.vi.2004, em. 19.vii.2004, <i>leg</i>. D. Rubinoff; 1 ♀, HI: Kauai, Alakai Swamp area, Kawaikoi stream, ‘burrito’ case, 18.v.2005, em[ergence]. 16.vi.2005, #DR05E2, <i>leg</i>. D. Rubinoff, W. Haines <i>et al</i>.; 1 ♀, HI: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream, N 22.13158°, W 159.62161°, elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘burrito’ case, 24.ii.2009, em. 23.iii.2009, #DR09B7C, coll. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, M [ichael]. San Jose; 3 ♂, HI: Kauai, Keahua stream, N 22.07143°, W 159.41765°, elev. 602 ft, ‘burrito’ case, 23.ii.2004, em. 12.iii.2009, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose. Deposited in BPBM, MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> In the genus <i>Hyposmocoma</i>, <i>H. ipowainui</i> is a relatively large species closely related to <i>Hyposmocoma kaikuono</i> Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008 endemic to the island of Molokai, <i>Hyposmocoma kapakai</i> Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008 endemic to the island of Oahu, <i>Hyposmocoma kaupo</i> Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008 endemic to the island of Maui, and <i>Hyposmocoma montivolans</i> (Butler, 1882) endemic to the island of Oahu. Based only on wing pattern, <i>H. ipowainui</i> can be separated from <i>H. kapakai</i> and <i>H. montivolans</i> by the forewing ground colour being greyish blue and not olive green. It differs also in male genitalia from <i>H. kapakai</i> and <i>H. montivolans</i> by having a triangular projection on left valva like the other species mentioned, from <i>H. kaikuono</i> by having six sclerotized spur-like setae on each valva, two of them on the triangular projection, from <i>H. kaupo</i> by having a broad sclerotized ring on abdominal segment VII, and from <i>H. kaikuono</i>, <i>H. kapakai</i>, <i>H. kaupo</i>, and <i>H. montivolans</i> by having a straight, thick, and blunt sclerotized hook, not enlarged apically.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Male (<i>N =</i> 8) (Figs 12B, 16). Wingspan 11.8–14.5 mm (holotype: 13.3 mm). Head with greyish-blue white-tipped scales converging toward midline on occiput. Haustellum with greyish-blue brown-tipped scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved with greyish-blue browntipped scales, subapically white ring on second segment, and slender dark-brown third segment. Antenna flagellum darkish brown; scape with scales white tipped at the end; antennal pecten present with up to eight thin setae. Thorax mostly greyish blue; dark brown at collar and at apex medially, with yellowish-orange scales laterally, more or less conspicuous and forming sometimes small spots; apex of tegula and outer margin of metathorax dark brown; metascutellum greyish beige. Foreleg coxa with offwhite and greyish-blue brown-tipped scales; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark brown with offwhite ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I– V. Midleg as foreleg, but also with ring of greyish-blue scales on tibia postmedially and extended off-white rings, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg. Forewing mostly greyish-blue with paletipped scales; off-white scales at jointure of wing; dark-brown markings as a basal band, a small basocostal spot not reaching dorsal margin, a medium size patch postbasally (slightly below midline), a submedial patch above midline, a larger oval submedially along posterior margin without reaching it, a medium size patch medially in middle of wing just above submedial oval, and a pair of medium patches, sometimes joined, situated postmedially, the patch below reaching inner margin; small off-white spots occuring at half and three-quarters along dorsal margin, with sometimes slightly off-white markings as small dots around dark-brown markings; fringe off-white to greyish beige with darker-tipped scales. Hindwing greyish brown with greyish-beige fringe. Subcostal brush conspicuous, on dorsal surface on anterior margin, dark grey extending half the length of hindwing (see Fig. 12B). Abdomen dorsally uniform shiny grey; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long pale beige scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook arising from distinct sclerotized ring on the right side of tergum VII, elongate, slightly curved, narrowing apically to blunt apex; minute sclerotized point on the left side; sternum VII with triangular fold in the middle pointing perpendicularly. Genital flaps on sternum VIII, rounded, broad, and thin.</p> <p> Male genitalia (<i>N =</i> 2) (Fig. 16). Uncus-like processes with right process elongate, curved ventrally, apically pointed, about four ¥ longer than reduced left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened, ventral connection broad. Valvae asymmetrical, with long and slender arms adorned with dense setae arranged comb-like along dorsal margin, broadened distally, with six prominent, uniformly spaced, sclerotized spur-like setae, sequentially longer distally, setae thinner and shorter, arranged more densely on right valva, left valva with subapical triangular projection adorned with two spur-like setae. Phallus slightly bent to the right at about two-thirds of length, stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, bulbous at base. Anellus with asymmetrical lobes, left lobe with broad bulbous projection at middle, then terminating in short point, right lobe delicate and slightly curved, bulbous at end, both adorned with small setae, two to three very long setae on apex, two ¥ length of phallus.</p> <p> Female (<i>N =</i> 12). Wingspan 12.6–16.0 mm. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antenna slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males.</p> <p> Female genitalia (<i>N =</i> 2) (Fig. 20B). Papillae anales short, lightly sclerotized and setose, slightly longer than wide, pointed lateroapically. Posterior apophyses very slender and straight, about five ¥ length of papillae anales. Anterior apophyses slightly broader and about one-third ¥ length of posterior apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, question-marked shaped, broad at base with sickle-shaped apex. Ductus bursae short, of medium girth. Inception of ductus seminalis large, at about one-third length of corpus bursae, situated behind of corpus bursae. Apical margin of sternum VII with slight broad emargination medially. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination, lightly sclerotized from about middle to pointed proximal end; signum absent.</p> <p> Larva cases (<i>N =</i> 83) (Fig. 14B). Burrito-shaped structure, 6.0–9.0 mm long, in reference to the shape of a type of Mexican food that consists of a flour tortilla wrapped around a filling, large and rounded with a curved pointed distal end, decorated with bits of sand, pebbles, and lichens entangled in silk filaments. Case background colour ranges from grey to brown.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Presumed to be endemic to the streams and rivers of the Hawaiian island of Kauai.</p> <p> <i>Remarks:</i> This aquatic burrito species is amongst the largest on any of the islands. In remarkable contrast to the localized speciation of the cone and bugle species on Kauai, <i>H. ipowainui</i> is found across Kauai and the ranges of the other species and has apparently not speciated along the same geographical boundaries as the cone lineage. Further research into this phylogeographical discontinuity on Kauai and why it does not affect this species is warranted. This species can be abundant and smaller larvae may be mistaken for the smaller burrito-cased species <i>Hyposmocoma aumakuawai</i>, although the adult moths are clearly distinct, and experience with the larvae reveals differences in the cases.</p>Published as part of <i>Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, pp. 15-42 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)</i> on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5440227">http://zenodo.org/record/5440227</a>
Hyposmocoma kawaikoi Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, SP. NOV.
No full text<i>HYPOSMOCOMA KAWAIKOI</i> SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 1D, 2B, 8, 11D) <p> <i>Material examined:</i> HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream | N 22.13158°, W 159.62161° | elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘cone’ case, II-24 -[20]09 | em[ergence]. IV-6-[20]09, #DR09B7A | coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D [aniel]. Rubinoff | M[ichael]. San Jose’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | kawaikoi | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect. Deposited in the UHIM.</p> <p>PARATYPES: 18 ♂, 10 ♀, from Kauai Island, Hawaii, USA; 4 ♂, with same data as holotype except date of emergence; 14 ♂, 10 ♀, with same data as</p> <p> Female genitalia (<i>N</i> = 1) (Fig. 11D). As for <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except for posterior apophyses about 3.5 ¥ length of anterior apophyses.</p> <p> Larval case (<i>N</i> = 45) (Fig. 2B). Cone-shaped structure, 6.0–7.0 mm in length, large and broad, decorated with bits of dark grey sand woven with silver silk filaments; bicoloured, paler beneath and darker above; aperture of case covered with an operculum decorated with small beige, brown, white, and black pebbles fastened by silk, can be closed neatly and tightly by the larvae with its mandibles from the inside; case has silk extensions laterally from each side of the aperture giving the appearance of horns; pebbles extend on dorsal side until about half of the case; background colour ranging from grey to dark brown.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> The name <i>H. kawaikoi</i> is derived from the Kawaikoi stream in the Alaka‘i swamp on the island of Kauai where this species can be found.</p> <p>holotype except date of emergence: 31.iii.2009 (2 ♂), 1.iv.2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 3.iv.2009 (2 ♂), 9.iv.2009 (2 ♂, 2 ♀), 10.iv.2009 (3 ♂), 13.iv.2009 (3 ♂, one dissected PS198, 3 ♀, one dissected PS199), 14.iv.2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 16.iv.2009 (3 ♀). Deposited in MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Hyposmocoma kawaikoi</i> is a mostly uniform dark grey species. Based on external and genital characters, it can be easily separated from the closest looking species, <i>H. kahaiao</i> sp. nov., <i>H. kahamanoa</i> sp. nov., <i>H. saccophora</i> Walsingham, 1907, and <i>H uhauiole</i> sp. nov. by its more uniform background colour, and the broad valvae in males.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Male (<i>N</i> = 19) (Figs 1D, 8). Wingspan 9.3–10.3 mm (holotype: 10.1 mm). As <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except antennal pecten present with up to seven thin setae, forewing ground colour mostly dark grey with some scattered off-white and light bluish tinge scales, off-white markings as a large notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin.</p> <p> Male genitalia (<i>N</i> = 1) (Fig. 8). As for <i>H. kahamanoa</i>, except for valvae with three rounded spurlike setae on right valva and three on left valva sequentially longer distally being six ¥ length of those on right valva.</p> <p> Female (<i>N</i> = 9). Wingspan 9.8–10.7 mm. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males.</p> <p> <i>Biology:</i> Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks in streams on the island of Kauai in February, and have been observed in May and August as well. These larvae are frequently found on relatively small, barely emergent rocks in fast flowing torrents. The climate at this high elevation site is much cooler and even wetter (nearby areas average over 10 m of rain per year) than the Wailua river area on the east side of Kauai. Although the larvae of Kawaikoi are found year round, temperatures can approach freezing in this location. This is not the case for the lower elevation Wailua river area of Kauai, which remains much more tropical year round.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Known only from the Kawaikoi stream that drains the Alaka‘i swamp on the north-western plateau of the island of Kauai where it is presumed to be endemic.</p> <p> <i>Remarks:</i> This aquatic species has the largest conecased larva, easily distinguished from the sympatric bugle-cased larva of <i>H. eepawai</i> (see Fig. 14A), also restricted to the Kawaikoi stream.</p>Published as part of <i>Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, pp. 15-42 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)</i> on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5440227">http://zenodo.org/record/5440227</a>
Hyposmocoma eepawai Schmitz & Rubinoff 2011, SP. NOV.
No full text<i>HYPOSMOCOMA EEPAWAI</i> SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 12A, 14A, 15, 20A) <p> <i>Material examined:</i> HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream | N 22.13158°, W 159.62161° | elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘bugle’ case, II-24-09 | em[ergence]. IV-13-09, #DR09B7B | coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D [aniel]. Rubinoff, M [ichael]. San Jose’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | eepawai | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM.</p> <p> PARATYPES: 18 ♂, 15 ♀, from Kauai Island, Hawaii, USA; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, with same data as holotype; 7 ♂, 1 ♀, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 14.iv.2009 (2 ♂), 15.iv.2009 (2 ♂), 20.iv.2009 (3 ♂, 1 ♀); 7 ♂, 10 ♀, HI: Kauai, Alakai Swamp area, Kawaikoi stream at road, ‘cone’ case, V-18-05, em. 18.vi.2005 (2 ♂, one dissected PS144), 16.vi.2005 (4 ♂, 2 ♀), 19.vi.2005 (1 ♂, dissected PS156), 24.vi.2005 (1 ♀), 28.vi.2005 (1 ♀), 1.vii.2005 (5 ♀, one dissected PS179), 7.vii.2005 (1 ♀), #DR05E1, <i>leg</i> [<i>it</i>]. D. Rubinoff, W[ill]. Haines; 1 ♀ (dissected PS145). Deposited in BPBM, MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Within the genus <i>Hyposmocoma</i>, <i>H. eepawai</i> is a mostly uniform greyish-blue colour that is somewhat similar in forewing pattern to <i>H. ipowainui</i> sp. nov., <i>H. kaikuono</i> Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008, and <i>H. kaupo</i> Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008. However, it can be easily separated from these species by its smaller size, the absence of subcostal brush, and the differences in male and female genitalia.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Male (<i>N =</i> 16) (Figs 12A, 15). Wingspan 10.4–10.6 mm (holotype: 10.6 mm). Head with greyish-blue white tipped scales. Haustellum with greyish blue, brown tipped scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved with greyish-blue brown tipped scales, subapically white ring on second segment, and slender darkish brown third segment. Antenna flagellum darkish brown; scape with scales white tipped at the end; antennal pecten present with up to eight thin setae. Thorax greyish-blue; metascutellum greyish-beige. Foreleg coxa with off-white and greyish-blue brown tipped scales; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly darkish brown with off-white ring at apex and middle of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I- V. Midleg as foreleg, but also with ring of greyish-blue scales on tibia postmedially and extended off-white rings, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg. Forewing mostly greyish-blue with pale tipped scales, with very few scattered rusty scales; dark brown markings as a basal band, a pair of spots medially, disconnected from each other along diagonal, and a more or less conspicuous small spot postmedially in midline; off-white markings as a small notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing greyish brown. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally uniform shiny grey; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long pale beige scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook arising from distinct sclerotized ring on the right side of VII abdominal tergum, large with blunt apex; minute sclerotized point on the left side. Genital flaps on VIII abdominal sternum, rounded, broad, and thin.</p> <p> Male genitalia (<i>N =</i> 2) (Fig. 15). Uncus-like processes attached to tegumen, right process elongate and flattened on entire length, curved ventrally, apically pointed, about 6.5 ¥ length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, with long and slender arms, slightly enlarged apically, bent upward in the middle, adorned with setae arranged comb-like along dorsal margin, with two sclerotized spur-like setae of same length on each valva, minute and apically rounded on right valva, large and claw-like on left valva, being six ¥ length of those on right valva. Phallus large, heavily sclerotized, slightly bent to the right, blunt tipped, with large bulbous base; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two lobes, thin, angled upward, both adorned with small setae until apex, left lobe bulbous apically.</p> <p> Female (<i>N =</i> 14). Wingspan 10.1–11.7 mm. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males.</p> <p> Female genitalia (<i>N =</i> 1) (Fig. 20A). Papillae anales slightly longer than large. Apophyses thin and straight, with posterior apophyses very long about three ¥ length of anterior apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclerotized, atrophied, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated behind of corpus bursae. Apical margin of sternum VII with no emargination medially.</p> <p> Larval case (<i>N =</i> 82) (Fig. 14A). Bugle-shaped structure, 4.0– 6.5 mm in length, small and triangular, decorated with beige, brown, and black bits of sand woven densely with silk filaments; bicoloured, underside shiny grey, darker above; aperture of case covered with a flat and bare operculum, that can be closed tightly by the larvae with its mandibles from the inside; case background colour dark grey.</p> <p> <i>Biology:</i> Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks of Kawaikoi stream on the island of Kauai in February and May.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Known only from the island of Kauai where the Kawaikoi stream drains the north-western plateau of the Alaka‘i swamp. We have found it nowhere else and therefore presume it to be endemic to this drainage.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> The name <i>H. eepawai</i>, from the Hawaiian, <i>‘e‘epa</i>, a supernatural being in Hawaiian mythology with a strange shape, refers to the bugle shape of the larval case of this species, and, <i>wai</i>, water, refers to its aquatic lifestyle.</p> <p> <i>Remarks:</i> Remarkably, the island of Kauai supports three endemic species of aquatic cones, <i>H. kawaikoi</i>, <i>H. uhauiole</i>, and <i>H. wailua</i>, whereas there is only a single aquatic bugle case type, <i>H. eepawai</i>, found only in the Alaka‘i swamp on west Kauai. Not only are these two case types independent lineages, as confirmed by genetic analysis (Rubinoff & Schmitz,</p> <p>32 P. SCHMITZ and D. RUBINOFF occurring on Kauai, are externally completely different, their male and female genitalia are almost identical.</p> <p> 2010), but also the similar case types reveal very localized speciation across this oldest of the current high Islands. It is interesting to note that like many other <i>Hyposmocoma</i> species, whereas adults of <i>H. eepawai</i> and <i>H. cinerosparsa</i> Walsingham, 1907, both</p>Published as part of <i>Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, pp. 15-42 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)</i> on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5440227">http://zenodo.org/record/5440227</a>
Hyposmocoma nihoa Schmitz and Rubinoff, sp. nov.
No full textHyposmocoma nihoa Schmitz and Rubinoff, sp. nov. Figs. 5, 11, 16, 24 Material examined. Holotype ɗ: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Nihoa, Miller Canyon | “burrito” case, VII- 17 -[20]07 | em[ergence]. VIII- 16 -[20]07, #DR07G 8 | leg[it]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff, J[esse]. Eiben’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | nihoa | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 3 ɗ, 2 Ψ, from Nihoa Island, Hawaii, USA; 3 ɗ, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: IX- 24 -[20]07 (1 ɗ), IX- 28 -07 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 131), X- 11 -07 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 140); 2 Ψ (one dissected, slide PS 133), with same data as holotype except date of emergence: VIII- 8 -07, and rearing log number: #DR07G 10. Deposited in BPBM and UHIM. Diagnosis. Among the known species of Hyposmocoma from the NWHI and within the genus, the black and off-white forewing markings of H. nihoa are unique (see Fig. 5). Description. MALE (n= 4) (Fig. 5). Wingspan 6.3–7.2 mm (Holotype: 7.1 mm). Head with large black scales flattened on vertex, replaced on frons by small dark-brown scales. Base of haustellum with black scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved, with off-white scales ventrally and black scales dorsally. Antennal flagellum and scape black, sometimes with off-white scales at base of first flagellomeres; antennal pecten made of three thin setae. Thorax mostly black, with some off-white scales distributed on outer margins, metascutellum dark gray. Foreleg coxa and femur with a mixture of off-white and black scales; tibia and tarsomeres black with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but with off-white rings at apex of tarsomeres I–V. Forewing mostly black with bluish-green tinge, off-white markings as postbasal triangle with point reaching about 1 / 4 costa and base between 1 / 5 and 2 / 5 on inner margin, and narrower transverse postmedian band of variable width at about 3 / 4 forewing length. Hindwing gray with grayish-beige fringe. Subcostal brush present on dorsal surface of inner margin as a tuft of long dark-gray scales arising over conspicuous orange spot (not visible on Fig. 5) extending 1 / 3 length of hindwing. Abdomen dorsally uniform shiny dark gray; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long dark gray scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook of segment VII absent. Genital flaps rounded, elongated and thin; sternum VIII fused dorsally as a band, forming encompassing hull around tegumen. Male genitalia (n= 1) (Fig. 16). Right uncuslike process thick and large, sickle shaped, about 4 X length of left process; left process membranous. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae asymmetrical, with three sclerotized spurlike setae of same length on each valva; right valva spoon shaped, broader, and rounded distally, slightly upcurved and adorned with setae only on apical margin; left valva narrower, more strongly upturned from middle, with low rounded bump on dorsal margin subbasally. Phallus slightly bent to right, stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and slightly angled downwards; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two thin symmetrical lobes adorned with small setae, with very long setae at apex. Female (n= 2). Wingspan 7.6 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Postmedian off-white band less conspicuous than for male. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n= 1) (Fig. 24). Papillae anales short, lightly sclerotized and setose, slightly longer than wide. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae relatively small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to left, with base slightly larger. Ductus bursae long and thin. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII without medial emargination. Larval case (n= 23) (Fig. 11). Burrito-shaped (for a definition, see Schmitz & Rubinoff 2008), 3.4–4.8 mm in length, large and rounded with curved pointed distal end, decorated with lichens woven with silk filaments; case background color ranging from green to gray. Etymology. The name of H. nihoa is derived from that of the type locality, the island of Nihoa. Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected during the day in July on small bushes and rocks on the island of Nihoa. Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Nihoa where it is presumed to be endemic.Published as part of Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2009, New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa, pp. 37-53 in Zootaxa 2272 on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19099
Petropedetes vulpiae Barej, Rodel, Gonwouo, Pauwels, Bohme and Schmitz 2010
No full textPetropedetes vulpiae Barej, Rödel, Gonwouo, Pauwels, Böhme and Schmitz, 2010 Assignments before official naming of species: in general referred to as P. n e w t o n i concerning specimens on the mainland. Amiet & Perret (1969): P. n e w t o n i corresponds to P. aff. parkeri (locality close to Yaoundé) (see Amiet 1973, 1983) Petropedetes parkeri Amiet, 1983 Assignments before official naming of species: Parker (1936): referred to as P. johnstoni Sanderson (1936): referred to as P. johnstoni Perret (1966): referred to as P. johnstoni Amiet (1973): referred to as P. johnstoniPublished as part of Barej, Michael F., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Gonwouo, Legrand Nono, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Böhme, Wolfgang & Schmitz, Andreas, 2010, Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae), pp. 1-49 in Zootaxa 2340 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19328
Hyposmocoma moopalikea Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, SP. NOV.
No full text<i>HYPOSMOCOMA MOOPALIKEA</i> SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 13C, 19, 20E) <p> <i>Material examined:</i> HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[AWAI]I: Maui, Haleakala N [ational.P[ark]. | Palikea stream, N Delta camp | ‘burrito’ case, on rocks, I-15-[20]04 | em[ergence]. II-4-04 | coll[ector]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | moopalikea | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM.</p> <p>PARATYPES: 3 ♂, 2 ♀, from Maui Island, Hawaii, USA, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 4.ii.2004 (1 ♂), 16.ii.2004 (1 ♂), 19.ii.2004 (1 ♀), 25.ii.2004 (1 ♀), 7.iii.2004 (1 ♂). Deposited in UHIM.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Male (<i>N =</i> 4) (Figs 13C, 19). Wingspan 10.3–11.2 mm (holotype: 10.5 mm). Head mostly adorned with grey-tipped yellowish-orange scales becoming off-white on frons. Haustellum with offwhite and dark-brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus mostly dark brown dorsally and off-white ventrally, with dark brown ring on first segment apically. Antennal flagellum dark brown; scape dark brown with rusty ring apically, antennal pecten present with five to seven thin setae. Thorax mostly dark brown, with yellowish-orange scales on tegula; metathorax grey; metascutellum greyish-beige. Foreleg coxa off-white; femur dark brown; tibia and tarsomeres dark brown with offwhite ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but ground colour more greyish beige. Forewing mostly dark brown with some scattered off-white scales becoming yellowish-orange at base of forewing along midline and on termen, with conspicuous dark brown markings outlined by offwhite scales as pair of spots medially, disconnected from each other along diagonal, and a small spot postmedially in midline; off-white markings as a small notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing uniformly grey with greyish-beige fringe. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally dark brown; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long greyish-brown scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook absent. Genital flaps very large, membranous, rounded, broad and thin.</p> <p> Male genitalia (<i>N =</i> 1) (Fig. 19). As for <i>H. aumakuawai</i>.</p> <p> Female (<i>N =</i> 2). Wingspan 11.7–11.9 mm. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male, yellowish-orange scales restricted at jointure of forewing. Otherwise externally like males.</p> <p> Female genitalia (<i>N =</i> 1) (Fig. 20E). As for <i>H. aumakuawai</i>.</p> <p> Larval case (<i>N =</i> 9). Burrito-shaped structure, 5.5– 7.0 mm in length, as <i>H. aumakuawai</i>.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> The name <i>H. moopalikea</i>, from the Hawaiian, <i>moo</i>, water spirit, refers to its aquatic lifestyle, and <i>palikea</i> refers to the name of the reserve and stream where this species was found.</p> <p> <i>Biology:</i> Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks in the Palikea stream on the island of Maui in January, but also seen in late spring, and are likely to be present year-round. Adult moths were observed flying and crawling very quickly across emergent rocks and flying between them in the middle of the stream during the mid and late afternoon. Blacklight traps placed next to the Palikea stream that same night attracted no adults of <i>H. moopalikea</i>, suggesting that they are diurnal in this wet, cool, montane rainforest environment.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Known only from the Palikea stream in the Kipahulu valley of east Maui where it is presumed to be endemic.</p> <p> <i>Remarks:</i> This species appears to occur in allopatry from any other aquatic species. It is rarely abundant, and despite extensive searching, we were unable to collect larvae in large numbers as easily as other species on other islands. As this area represents the most pristine of any area where we collected aquatic species, we doubt that this rarity is a function of severe habitat alteration.</p>Published as part of <i>Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, pp. 15-42 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)</i> on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5440227">http://zenodo.org/record/5440227</a>
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