1,720,995 research outputs found
Relationship between accumulation of beta-APP and neuropsychological abnormalities in HIV encephalitis
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Tremor of the mouth floor and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies
No full textInvoluntary movements of the mouth can present as palatal tremor, which is frequently associated with hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus and can be accompanied by contraction of other muscles of the head. We report the case of a 39-year-old man with autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes who complained of involuntary rhythmic tremor involving the muscles of the floor of the mouth, which interfered with breathing and swallowing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed the presence of oligoclonal bands and screening for anti-neuronal antibodies revealed high titres of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD-Ab). Tremor responded to treatment with benzodiazepines. The correlation between the tremor and antibody positivity is unclear although an alteration of the gabaergic system mediated by the antibodies may be hypothesised on the basis of an inflammatory CSF profile
Implicit processing of olfactory stimuli in parkinson's disease patients a way to preserve from bradykinesia and reduced hand aperture
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Investigation on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and cytokines and detection of HIV-1 DNA within brains of asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV-1-positive patients
No full textAmong the various mechanisms proposed to explain the pathogenesis of cerebral lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced encephalitis, a cytokine-mediated action has found most favour. Indeed, elevated expression of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), thought to be neurotoxic, has been found in AIDS patients. As a previous study had demonstrated the presence of HIV proviral DNA in brain tissue of a number of HIV-positive non-AIDS patients, we undertook this present investigation using morphological, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to detect the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, the presence of HIV-1 proviral DNA and of the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-4 and IL-6 in brains of the same group of individuals. The study included brains of 36 asymptomatic HIV-1 positive patients and the results were compared with those of AIDS patients either affected by HIV encephalitis (n = 8) or exempt from any neuropathological changes (II = 10) as well as of normal controls (n = 5). Results show that: HIV proviral DNA,could be detected by PCR in 17 out of the 36 brains from HIV-positive pre-AIDS cases; most (15 of 17) of PCR-positive brains showed minimal to severe expression of MHC class II antigen; and cytokines could be detected predominantly within white matter even at this early stage. The data demonstrated that the state of immune activation described in AIDS is already present at the pre-AIDS stage and suggest that the presence of cytokines may already trigger the cascade of events leading to brain damage
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