240 research outputs found
How pain and body representations transform each other: A narrative review
No full textPain, as a multidimensional and subjective experience, intertwines with various aspects of body representation, involving sensory, affective and motivational components. This review explores the bidirectional relationship between pain and body representations, emphasizing the impact of the sense of ownership on pain perception, the transformative impact of pain on motor imagery, the effects associated with vicarious pain perception on body representations and the role of pain in the maintenance of body representations in specific clinical conditions. Literature indicates complex interactions between pain and body representations, with the sense of ownership inducing analgesic effects in some cases and hyperalgesia in others, contingent upon factors such as the appearance of the affected limb. Pain sensations inform the body on which actions might be executed without harm, and which are potentially dangerous. This information impacts on motor imagery too, showing reduced motor imagery and increased reaction times in tasks where motor imagery involves the painful body parts. Finally, contrary to the conventional view, according to which pain impairs body representation, evidence suggests that pain can serve as an informative somatosensory index, preserving or even enhancing the representation of the absent or affected body parts. This bidirectional relationship highlights the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the interplay between pain and body representations, offering insights into the adaptive nature of the central nervous system in response to perceived bodily states
Massive body-brain disconnection consequent to spinal cord injuries drives profound changes in higher-order cognitive and emotional functions: A PRISMA scoping review
No full text: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a massive disconnection between the brain and the body parts below the lesion level representing a unique opportunity to explore how the body influences a person's mental life. We performed a systematic scoping review of 59 studies on higher-order cognitive and emotional changes after SCI. The results suggest that fluid abilities (e.g. attention, executive functions) and emotional regulation (e.g. emotional reactivity and discrimination) are impaired in people with SCI, with progressive deterioration over time. Although not systematically explored, the factors that are directly (e.g. the severity and level of the lesion) and indirectly associated (e.g. blood pressure, sleeping disorders, medication) with the damage may play a role in these deficits. The inconsistency which was found in the results may derive from the various methods used and the heterogeneity of samples (i.e. the lesion completeness, the time interval since lesion onset). Future studies which are specifically controlled for methods, clinical and socio-cultural dimensions are needed to better understand the role of the body in cognition
Una città in carrozzina: fragilità e risorse per la mobilità e il turismo delle persone con disabilità motoria
No full textAll'interno del capitolo è stato sviluppato un modello multicomponenziale delle barriere e dei facilitatori presenti nell'ambiente urbano per le persone con disabilità motoria. 10 persone con disabilità motoria sono state intervistate prima e dopo aver effettuato un percorso all'interno della città di Verona, mostrando quali sono le barriere visibili e invisibili all'interno dell'ambiente urbano
Peripersonal Space from a multisensory perspective: the distinct effect of the visual and tactile components of Visuo-Tactile stimuli
No full textPeripersonal Space (PPS) is defined as the space close to the body where all interactions between the individual and the environment take place. Behavioural experiments on PPS exploit multisensory integration, using Multisensory Visuo-Tactile stimuli (MVT), whose visual and tactile components target the same body part (i.e. the face, the hand, the foot). However, the effects of visual and tactile stimuli targeting different body parts on PPS representation are unknown, and the relationship with the RTs for Tactile-Only stimuli is unclear. In this study, we addressed two research questions: (1) if the MVT-RTs are independent of Tactile-Only-RTs and if the latter is influenced by time-dependency effects, and (2) if PPS estimations derived from MVT-RTs depend on the location of the Visual or Tactile component of MVTs. We studied 40 right-handed participants, manipulating the body location (right hand, cheek or foot) and the distance of administration. Visual and Tactile components targeted different or the same body parts and were delivered respectively at five distances. RTs to Tactile-Only trials showed a non-monotonic trend, depending on the delay of stimulus administration. Moreover, RTs to Multisensory Visuo-Tactile trials were found to be dependent on the Distance and location of the Visual component of the stimulus. In conclusion, our results show that Tactile-Only RTs should be removed from Visuo-Tactile RTs and that the Visual and Tactile components of Visuo-Tactile stimuli do not necessarily have to target the same body part. These results have a relevant impact on the study of PPS representations, providing new important methodological information. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00221-022-06324-8
The modularity of peripersonal space representations: the influence of the vision and tactile sensation on different body parts
No full textPeripersonal space (PPS) representation is described as a graded field of the space closely surrounding the body, characterized by a modular organization, with different PPS extensions for each body area. However, no studies systematically investigated the possible integration of different body areas in PPS representations. By means of a visuo-tactile paradigm, where visual stimuli approached the body, and a tactile stimulus could be delivered at 5 different positions of the visual stimuli (196, 147, 98, 49 and 1 cm), 42 right-handed participants (21 males) had to say “TOH” when they felt the tactile stimulus. The task was repeated in nine conditions, given by the crossing of the position of the visual stimuli (towards the right Hand, Face or Foot) and the position of the tactile stimulus (right Hand, Face or Foot). In each condition 48 stimuli were administered. Reaction times were analysed by means of generalized logit Bayesian multilevel models, in order to have an estimation of the position of the mid-point and the steepness of the generalized logit curve, as indexes of the boundary and the gradation of the curves of the PPS representations, respectively. Results showed that the position of the visual stimuli explained both the boundaries (BF10=3.73) and the gradations (BF10=4.21) of the different PPS representations. Therefore, the modularity of PPS representations seems to be a function of the body-part observed, and it is not necessary a correspondence between the body-part target of visual and tactile stimuli to estimate it
YAP-PET: first results of a small animal Positron Emission Tomograph based on YAP:Ce finger crystals
No full textWe have built a small animal Positron Emission Tomograph (YAP-PET) based on four matrices of 400 YAP:Ce finger crystals (2x2~30 mm3 each) coupled to Position Sensitive PhotoMultiplier Hamamatsu R2486-06. The system consists of four detectors on a rotating gantry with a variable diameter from 10 and 25 cm. The read-out and data acquisition system are handled by NIM-CAMAC standard electronics. The tomograph has a total Field Of View (FOV) of 4 x 4 ~ 4cm 3 that is appropriate for mice and rat studies. A spatial resolution I 2 mm over 3 x 3 ~ 3c m3 FOV has been measured, with a peak sensitivity for a point source of about 614 cpslyci for a gantry diameter of 15 cm and an energy threshold of 50 keV
Una città in carrozzina: fragilità e risorse per la mobilità delle persone con disabilità motoria.
No full textAll'interno del capitolo è stato sviluppato un modello multicomponenziale delle barriere e dei facilitatori presenti nell'ambiente urbano per le persone con disabilità motoria. 10 persone con disabilità motoria sono state intervistate prima e dopo aver effettuato un percorso all'interno della città di Verona, mostrando quali sono le barriere visibili e invisibili all'interno dell'ambiente urbano
High spatial resolution small animal YAP-PET
No full textWe are assembling a high resolution small animal PET scanner. The detector module is composed of a YAP:Ce matrix, consisting of 400 crystals 2 x 2 x 30 mm(3) glued together, and optically isolated by a 5 mu m thick reflective layer. The matrix is directly coupled to a position sensitive photomultiplier Hamamatsu mod. R2486-06 (PSPMT). Two detector modules are mounted on a rotating gantry. The opposite detectors can be positioned at a distance ranging from 5 to 25 cm so that the scanner transaxial FOV (Fiel Of View) is variable in the 2.5-15 cm range. The scanner axial FOV is 4 cm. The positron test source was Na-22. The system will operate in 3D data acquisition mode. The measured axial spatial resolution at the center using a simple back-projection planar reconstruction algorithm is 2.3 mm FWHM after correction for the PSPMT position nonlinearities and for source dimension. By eliminating the full-absorption events (mainly due to multiple interactions in the multi-crystals) the spatial resolution was improved to 1.8 mm. This result is very appropriate for small animal PET studies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Campiglia, Maddalena
No full textPresents biographical and topical information on the contributions made by women during the Renaissance in such fields as medicine, religion, and art. Biographical entry on the author Maddalena Campiglia (1553-95) from Vicenza, Italy
Parole chiave
No full textEducazione, socializzazione, formazione dell identità, istruzione. Attorno a queste parole chiave si è sviluppata nel ventesimo secolo una riflessione importante che ha travalicato i confini della pedagogia. Via via che i fenomeni educativi si sono estesi da una élite circoscritta a tutti gli strati sociali, andando a intrecciarsi con più complesse variabili esterne, anche nel pensiero sociologico si è andata raffinando una elaborazione intorno ai perché dell educazione, alla funzione che riveste nella società moderna, agli attori principali del sistema educativo e alle sue tendenze di sviluppo. Questa antologia raccoglie 13 testi raggruppati nei quattro percorsi tematici - che aiutano a ripercorrere le tappe del cammino scientifico in sociologia dell educazione, ponendo a confronto autori classici (dall inizio del Novecento alle prime fasi della scolarizzazione di massa) e contemporanei (dagli anni Settanta in poi) di diverso orientamento: funzionalismo, conflittualismo, interazionismo simbolico, fenomenologia sociale, individualismo metodologico, teoria istituzionalista. Dalla voce degli autori emerge un ampio spaccato degli approcci ai fattori sociali dell educazione, toccando con mano l eredità del secolo passato e la complessità del dibattito attuale su una delle grandi questioni della nostra società. Una esaustiva presentazione delle tematiche e dei testi introduce il lettore alla metodologia dello studio mediante le fonti. Chiude il volume una breve descrizione della vita e delle principali opere di ciascun autore (a cura di D. Langialonga).
Testi di: Simmel G., Parsons T., Berger P.L., Luckmann T., Wrong D.H., Cooley C.H., Mead G.H., Riesman D., Dubar C., Meyer J., Weick K.E., W.Becker H., Platt M.G., Coleman J..Education, socialization, social identity construction, schooling. Around this key-words an important reflection has been developed during all the Twenty Century, going beyond the pedagogical boarders. The more education has been spread out from a restricted elite to every social group, more the sociology has elaborated a large thinking upon the reasons of education, its functions in modern society, its most signfiicative actors and evaluable trends. This book collects 13 texts – divided in 4 thematic sections – that lead the reader to understand the path of modern sociology of education; it shows classical authors (from early Nineteen century to the mass education time) beside to contemporary authors (from the Seventies to now), form different approaches: functionalists; conflictualists; symbolic interactionists; methodological individualists; and institutional theorists. From the essais rises a wide scenary of the “social factors” in education, showing both the past heritage and the rich current debate on one of the most crucial issue in society. An exhaustive presentation of topics and texts introduces the reader to the study based on sources. At the end of volume is offered a short description of life and books of each author (written by D. Langialonga). Essays by: Simmel G., Parsons T., Berger P.L., Luckmann T., Wrong D.H., Cooley C.H., Mead G.H., Riesman D., Dubar C., Meyer J., Weick K.E., W.Becker H., Platt M.G., Coleman J.
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