1,720,973 research outputs found
Reduktion des Einflusses infektiöser Wirkstoffe: die Bedeutung von Prophylaxe-Strategien
No full textEach year almost 15 million people die of infectious diseases and in all probability this figure is much higher, because in many cases infection is not at all recognized as being the cause of death or its contributory role is not known. There is an increase in the risks posed by infections; the belief in the omnipotence of drugs has not stood the test of time; rather, by adopting a counterstance we risk losing all that we accomplished during the last decades. After all, over the past 40 years we witnessed progress in the development of reliable and affordable anti-infectives and vaccines. As a result of this, today parents have their children vaccinated less often since they are no longer aware of the risks posed by lack of vaccination. This will give rise to the sudden reemergence of certain infectious diseases. And we overlook the fact that by observing basic rules of hygiene (hand hygiene; water decontamination; etc), we could save many lives on this earth. It is becoming increasingly more difficult to treat with antibiotics patients harboring resistant bacterial strains on their skin. Hospitals need surface disinfection to prevent microbes such as Clostridiium difficile or norovirus. The institutional use of alcohol-based hand disinfectants has by now become an accepted practice in North America. But some of these substances have dangerous side effects where humans and the environment are concerned. Our test methods are not always able to evaluate the actual extent of the risks posed. Prevention is accorded greater importance in view of the declining number of therapeutic measures available. But combating pathogenic microorganisms could, in turn, give rise to problems whose nature we cannot at all predict today. We need far greater knowledge of the pathogens and should be less nave when embracing new technologies, which only seem to solve problems. What will be the long-term implications if the increasing selective pressure exerted on these bacteria induces them to become more resistant? We need an effective combination of treatment and vaccination strategies, together with a consistent prevention policy. Unlike drugs and vaccinations, disinfectants can be used in a consistent manner; they can simultaneously eliminate a vast range of pathogenic microorganisms, without having any major side effects.Beinahe 15 Millionen Menschen sterben pro Jahr an Infektionen und wahrscheinlich sind es in Wirklichkeit weit mehr, weil man bei vielen die Infektion als Todesursache gar nicht erkannt hat oder uns die Zusammenhänge nicht bekannt sind. Die Gefährdung durch Infektionen nimmt zu, der Glaube an die Allmacht der Pharmazie hat uns nicht weiter gebracht, sondern wir sind in Gefahr, in einer Art Gegenreaktion zu verlieren, was wir in den letzten Dekaden erreicht haben. Immerhin sehen wir in den letzten 40 Jahren einen Fortschritt bei der Entwicklung sicherer und bezahlbarer Anti-Infektiva und Impfstoffe. Als Effekt lassen die Eltern ihre Kinder heute seltener impfen, weil ihnen die Risiken, die sie damit eingehen, nicht mehr bewusst sind. Das wird dazu führen, dass so manche Infektionskrankheit plötzlich wieder da sein wird. Und wir übersehen, dass man mit der Einhaltung einfacher hygienischer Regeln (Händehygiene, Wasseraufbereitung etc.) auf dieser Welt viele Leben retten könnte. Immer mehr Patienten mit resistenten Bakterienstämmen auf ihrer Haut können nicht mehr mit Antibiotika behandelt werden. Krankenhäuser brauchen Flächendesinfektion, um Infektionen mit Keimen wie z.B. Clostridium difficile oder Norovirus zu verhindern. Der institutionelle Gebrauch alkoholischer Händedesinfektionsmittel ist mittlerweile in Nordamerika akzeptiert. Aber manche dieser Substanzen haben wiederum schädliche Nebenwirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt. Unsere Prüfmethoden erfassen die Risiken nicht immer in ihrem tatsächlichen Ausmaß. Dabei wird die Prävention immer wichtiger durch die abnehmende Zahl der zur Verfügung stehenden Therapien. Aber die Bekämpfung der pathogenen Mikroorganismen könnte ihrerseits wieder Probleme auslösen, die wir heute gar nicht absehen können. Wir brauchen ein viel profunderes Wissen über die Krankheitserreger und weniger Naivität in der Anwendung neuer Technologien, die nur auf den ersten Blick die Probleme lösen. Was lösen wir aus, indem wir diese Keime durch immer selektiveren Druck zu immer größerer Anpassung zwingen? Wir brauchen eine effektivere Mischung aus Behandlungs- und Impfstrategien, zusammen mit einer konsequenten Präventionsstrategie. Anders als Medikation oder Impfstoffe können Desinfektionsmittel, konsequent angewandt, eine breite Zahl von pathogenen Mikroorganismen gleichzeitig unschädlich machen, und das ohne große Nebenwirkungen
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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