1,720,953 research outputs found
Hate Speech in the Era of Digital Hate (A Legal Comparison between Europe and the United States)
No full textThis doctoral thesis investigates into the international, the US and European- the Council of Europe and the European Union- constitutional models of the right to freedom of expression and hate speech over Internet. The anonymity and mobility afforded by the Internet has made it very easy for hate mongers to spread hate in an environment which is abstract and beyond the realms of traditional law enforcement. Presence of Internet in daily life consequently has brought some intense difficulties such as crisis of the traditional liberal conception of free speech as ‘marketplace of ideas’, caused by online communications (the virality of false assumptions of racist nature or similar phenomena); Crisis of the ‘tolerant society’ approach in the sense that hate speech acts made in a ‘tolerant’ context can spread all over the world through internet, inflaming rage in ‘non tolerant’ context, or in context where western constitutional concepts such free speech and toleration are ignored or opposed; Crisis of traditional approach based on the ‘present and danger test’ doctrine and the use of criminal law as ‘extrema ratio’. In this case, multicultural societies ask for recognition of collective identities even through criminal law because toleration of certain form of satire against Islam or other collective identities can be seen as disguised form of discrimination.
Current hate speech and Internet regulation in the US and European countries accompanied by a review of arguments which support and protest online hate speech regulation indicate the complexity in regulating online hate speech. Regulating online hate speech raises so many issues because at one hand such hate expression might be considered as an element of self-expression and is subject to protection under the right to freedom of expression and on the other hand, it might call to hatred and violence which is highly required to be prohibited; otherwise, it could prevent minority groups to participate in social activities, improve their human capability. Furthermore, Internet raises the issue of cross-jurisdictional legal mechanism for controlling hate speech because the crime of posting hate comments on Internet may happen in one jurisdiction but its effects be somewhere else. Thus, it would hinder the effective investigation of cybercrime and prosecution of offenders.
The complexity in regulation does not necessarily implicates that there must be a unified legal definition or homogeneous way of responding to online hate speech crime among all countries in order to be released from this issue.
On the contrary, this research indicates that historical circumstances and cultural norms would be different in each country and based on that minority groups would have different experiences when they want to exercise their rights and participation in the society. Although, Internet is universal in nature but boundaries of freedom of expression over Internet vary from country to country.
Nonetheless, still, there is an emergency need of harmonizing the US and European approach along with increasing their criminal justice cooperation in transnational contexts towards this issue.
At the end, this research develops to consider that apart from enacting hate speech regulation, there would be some other ways to minimize hate speech on social media Web sites including encouraging self-regulation and code of conduct on the part of social media companies. Also, technological innovations could be applied to restrain online hate propagation.Questa tesi indaga i modelli internazionali, degli Stati Uniti e dell'Europa - il Consiglio d'Europa e la Costituzione dell'Unione Europea - del diritto alla libertà di espressione e lo "hate speech" su Internet. L’anonimato e la mobilità offerta da Internet ha reso molto facile per i mercanti di odio diffonderlo in un ambiente astratto e collocato oltre il “regno” delle tradizionali forze dell'ordine.
La presenza di Internet nella vita quotidiana, di conseguenza, ha portato intense difficoltà, come la crisi della tradizionale concezione liberale della libertà di parola intesa come “mercato delle idee”, causata dalla comunicazione online (la viralità di false assunzioni di natura razzista o fenomeni simili); così la crisi dell'approccio alla “società tollerante”, nel senso che un atto qualificabile come "hate speech" pronunciato in un contesto “tollerante” può diffondersi in tutto il mondo attraverso internet, infiammando la rabbia in un contesto “non tollerante”, o in un contesto in cui i concetti costituzionali occidentali, quali la libertà di espressione e la tolleranza, sono ignorati o contrastati; così la crisi dell’approccio tradizionale basato sulla dottrina del “test del pericolo presente” e l'uso del diritto penale come “extrema ratio”. In questo caso, le società multiculturali chiedono il riconoscimento di identità collettive, anche attraverso il diritto penale, perché la tolleranza di certe forme di satira contro l'Islam o altre identità collettive può essere vista come forma dissimulata di discriminazione.
Il corrente "hate speech" e le regole di Internet negli Stati Uniti e nei paesi europei, accompagnati da un riesame degli argomenti che sostengono e contestano in rete la regolazione dello "hate speech", indicano la complessità della sua regolamentazione in rete. Regolamentare lo "hate speech” online solleva molti problemi perché, da un lato, tale espressione di odio potrebbe essere considerata come un elemento di auto-espressione, soggetta a tutela ai sensi del diritto alla libertà di espressione, mentre, dall'altro, potrebbe incitare all'odio e alla violenza, cosa che deve essere assolutamente vietata; in caso contrario, ciò potrebbe impedire ai gruppi di minoranza di partecipare alle attività sociali e di migliorare la loro capacità umana.
Inoltre, Internet pone il problema del meccanismo giuridico intergiurisdizionale per il controllo dello "hate speech" perché il reato di pubblicazione di commenti di odio su Internet potrebbe accadere in una giurisdizione, ma i suoi effetti possono verificarsi in qualche altro luogo. Così, sarebbero ostacolati l'effettivo accertamento della criminalità informatica e il perseguimento dei colpevoli.
La complessità della regolamentazione non implica necessariamente che, per essere liberati da questo problema, si debba giungere ad una definizione legale unitaria o ad un modo omogeneo di rispondere ai crimini dello "hate speech" online tra tutti i Paesi.
Al contrario, questa ricerca mostra che le circostanze storiche e le norme culturali sono diverse in ogni Paese e basate sul fatto che i gruppi di minoranza hanno diverse esperienze nell’esercitare i loro diritti e partecipare alla società. Anche se Internet è per natura universale, i limiti alla libertà di espressione online variano da Paese a Paese.
Ciò nonostante, ancora, si avverte come emergenza la necessità di armonizzare l’approccio statunitense e quello europeo e, nel contempo, aumentare la loro cooperazione penale in contesti transnazionali nei confronti di questo problema.
Infine, questa ricerca giunge a considerare che, a parte l’approvazione della regolamentazione dell’incitamento all’odio online, ci sarebbero altri modi per ridurre al minimo lo "hate speech" sui social media, tra cui incoraggiare l’autoregolamentazione e approvare di codici di condotta da parte delle società di social media
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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