1,721,024 research outputs found
Avviamento allo sport e tutela della salute nel giovane sportivo
No full textLa capacità di prestazione richiede lo sviluppo e l’allenamento delle abilità nella prima infanzia attraverso vari ambiti di intervento, incluso lo sport. Il dibattito si apre nel momento in cui
ci si pone la domanda se i bambini che si specializzano precocemente (ad esempio, seguendo l’allenamento/la competizione in un singolo sport) possano trarre un vero vantaggio rispetto a coloro i quali hanno provato vari sport sin dai primi anni e si sono specializzati in un singolo sport più tardi (adolescenza).
I potenziali effetti deleteri della specializzazione precoce non includono solo rischi per la salute del giovane sportivo ma si configurano come l’anticamera per l’abbandono precoce dell’esperienza formativa sportiva.
Emerge la necessità di permeare il mondo sportivo delle più
recenti acquisizioni e conoscenze relative alle reali esigenze del
giovane sportivo, laddove ricerca, formazione dei tecnici e competenze tecniche e pedagogiche possano strutturare i requisiti indispensabili per avvicinare all’esperienza sportiva prima e motoria dopo, le persone per tutta la vita.
Alla luce di tutto questo, partendo dall’organizzazione dello sport in Italia ed alcuni dati relativi alla pratica sportiva, in questo testo, si delineano i modelli di avviamento allo sport utili alla strutturazione di esperienze formative sportive di qualità per affrontare, infine, i rischi per la salute correlati ala specializzazione precoce.
Accanto al tema dell’avviamento allo sport, questo testo non poteva non affrontare l’altro aspetto che l’esperienza sportiva in un contesto di sport organizzato non può tralasciare, ovvero la formazione e la valorizzazione del talento sportivo.
Un modello di avviamento allo sport che vuole rispondere alle esigenze di tutti, se si configura come un modello realmente adeguato e funzionale, deve essere in grado di soddisfare ogni individuo che si avvicina all’esperienza sportiva, sia se particolarmente capace ed abile, sia se necessita di adattamenti e semplificazione dei compiti motori da presentare
Small-sided games configuration pitch and external motor load relationship in young soccer players: Narrativeliterature review
No full textAim: The Small-Sided Games (SSG) are games with players number, rule, pitch and time modified,used in open skill sport training.In soccer they are identified with the term Small-Sided Games. The literature provides data on the SSG organizational methods in relation to the players number and the pitch size, the use of wildcard players, the recovery times and the recovery mode; but the game space configuration represents a relevant variable especially for the young soccer player who is confronted with situations that are cognitive challenge. This study aims to analyze the research that has described the effects of different spatial configurations in the SSG training session with young soccer players. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was conducted in September 2019, from January 2000 to August 2019. The keywords used were “small-sided games” or “small-sided soccer games”, each one associated with the terms "pitch", "young players”, “analysis”. The search was no limited based on language; the search was limited based on only age (< 18 years). The studies presenting the keyword "small-sided games" but which referred to other sports than soccer have been delated. Results:The screening (n = 23 studies), allowed to identify 3 articles that were analyzed for the systematic review to describe the effects of different field configurations on the external load during the execution of the SSG with young soccer players. Conclusion: The results obtained in this analysis allow to "weight" the technical-tactical exercises with young soccer players. The use of various spatial field configurations could determine a further technical difficulty but certainly imposes a different external load in the young soccer player.The SSG traditional version (ball possession) is the format that allows to obtain the highest values of total achieved distance, of high intensity meters and number of decelerations
Effects of Integrative Core Stability Training on Balance and Walking Speed in Healthy Elderly People
No full textThe study aims to describe the effects an integrative core stability training on
balance and walking speed in healthy elderly people over 65 years old: an
adapted training program based on core stability exercises was introduced in
the warm up phase. The study was conducted with active adults (n = 84, 38
males, 46 females) randomly divided into 2 groups: adapted core stability
group (CSG, n = 40) with age, weight and height (mean ± ds) respectively of
68.2 ± 2.1 years, 69.87 ± 3.2 kg, 166.6 ± 4.8 cm; recreational group (RG, n =
44) with age, weight and height respectively of 68.9 ± 2.2 years, 68.7 ± 3.7 kg,
167 ± 2.8 cm. The sample performed for 10 weeks (3 sessions a week) the two
different activities; before and after the training period (T0 and T1), the
strength of the core district, static balance ability, dynamic balance and walking
speed were evaluated. The results revealed a change in test scores across
the two time periods (pre-intervention, post-intervention) for CSG in the
McGill sit-up test (p < 0.01), in the trunk extension (p < 0.01), in the right
side plank test (p < 0.01), in the left side plank (p < 0.01), in the left leg stance
(p < 0.01) and right (p < 0.01), in the 8-foot-up-and-go (p < 0.01), in the 3-m
backwards walk test (p < 0.01), in the tandem walk test (p < 0001), in the single-
leg stance test left limb (p < 0.001) and right limb (p < 0.01). In the RG
the only statistically significant difference observed between T0 and T1 was
found in the 8-foot-up-and-go test (p < 0.05). The comparison between CSG
and RG showed significant differences in all T1 tests in the CSG. The introduction
of core stability exercises adapted to the over 65 population seems
capable of determining advantageous transfers in some motor abilities. The
choice of introducing these very static exercises in the warm-up phase allows
people over 65 to progressively approach specific motor tasks who do not
have particular motivations for controlled and systematic physical exercise
Compiti motori di tipo non anticipatorio ed effetti sulle capacità motorie negli over 65
No full textLa ricerca è orientata alla comprensione circa gli effetti delle differenti modalità di presentazione dei compiti con soggetti over 65. I compiti motori richiedono un continuo adattamento per soddisfare i bisogni speciali di questa fascia di popolazione, con particolare riferimento all’autonomia individuale ed alla prevenzione delle cadute.
Questo studio si prefigge di verificare gli effetti di compiti motori attraverso strumenti di instabilità e compiti motori reattivi sulle capacità motorie in donne anziane rispetto ad attività fisiche non specifiche ed esercizi non specifici.
I partecipanti (n= 53, tutte di genere femminile) sono stati suddivisi in modo random in due gruppi, l’uno che ha seguito compiti di instabilità e di tipo reattivo (non anticipabile) ed un gruppo di controllo che ha seguito attività motorie di tipo ricreativo.
I risultati evidenziano differenze statisticamente significative a carico del gruppo instabilità per tutte le prove di valutazione condotte.
Ulteriori studi devono essere condotti per comprendere i livelli minimi di aderenza al programma e per ampliare i partecipanti considerando anche quelli di genere maschile
From traditional approach to ecological dynamics approach with the Italian young soccer players
No full textThe team sports are looking for a methodology capable of structuring more
effectively the prerequisites necessary for the training of the future athlete/player.
In recent years in the field of motor activities, methodological research has
made it possible to outline new approaches aimed at involving the cognitive
area together with the motor one. For many years, the demand for motor
tasks in analytic form prevailed over other modes of presentation of the motor
and technical task. This belief was due to linear motion patterns that were
popular in motor behavior theories from the 1960s to 2000s and which somehow
still prevail in current practice. However, the demands of mastering a soccer
game require much more than just physical or technical skill. In fact, in
sports open skills the perceptual, decisional and cognitive aspects play a very
significant role in solving motor problems. This study describes the methodological
paradigm change in the model of youth soccer starting in Italy, and
aims to describe methods of intervention and phases that distinguish it from
the traditional approach
Functional training versus aerobic training: effects on the motor skills of sedentary adults
No full textAim. Functional training is a method which is widely diffused in the scope of motor activities for physical efficiency intended for adults. This method which is increasingly being used alongside traditional aerobic training must be analyzed to see the adaptations it favors in adults. The aim of this study was to describe the different adaptations and the different effects of functional training and of aerobic training with cardio fitness equipment on the motor skills of active adults.Methods. The study was conducted with active adults (N.=75, 37 males, 38 females) randomly divided into 2 groups: the functional training group (FT, N.=38) with a respective age, weight and height (mean +/- SD) of 50.7 +/- 2.02 years, 65.4 +/- 8.80 kg, 168 +/- 2.5 cm.; the aerobic training group (AT, N.=37) with a respective age, weight and height of 51.4 +/- 1.50 years, 66.8 +/- 8.52 kg, 169 +/- 3.8 cm. The sample followed the two different training programmes assigned for 10 weeks (3 times a week); before and after the training period (T0 and T1) the maximal strength of the upper and lower limbs was assessed indirectly, the flexibility, the dynamic balance skill, the walking speed and the VO2max were also assessed indirectly.Results. In the FT group statistically significant increases emerged in flexibility (P<0.001) in dynamic balance (P<0.01) and in walking speed (P<0.01); in the AT group increases in performance emerged in the value of VO2max (P<0.001) and in the maximal strength test of the lower limbs (P<0.01); Anova returned differences between the groups in the VO2max and in the maximal strength value of the lower limbs (P<0.001) in favor of the AT group.Conclusion. Following 10 weeks of training, the two types of activities show different adaptations: functional training appears to be more suited to increasing flexibility, walking speed and dynamic balance; aerobic training with cardio fitness equipment favours important adaptations in the value of VO2max and in the strength of the lower limbs, the latter are attributable to the equipment used which favors positive transfers between different skills
The Training of the Young Soccer Player: The Italian Model
No full textThe team sports are looking for a methodology capable of structuring more effectively the prerequisites necessary for the training of the future athlete/player.
In recent years in the field of motor activities, methodological research has made it possible to outline new approaches aimed at involving the cognitive area together with the motor one.
For many years the demand for motor tasks in analytic form prevailed over other modes of presentation of the motor and technical task.
This belief was due to linear motion patterns that were popular in motor behavior theories from the 1960s to 2000s and which somehow still prevail in current practice.
This approach, therefore, assumes that a certain degree of skill must be acquired before an activity can be performed. However, the demands of mastering a soccer game require much more than just physical or technical skill.
In fact, in sports open skills the perceptual, decisional and cognitive aspects play a very significant role in solving motor problems.
This study describes the methodological paradigm change in the model of youth soccer starting in Italy, and aims to describe methods of intervention and phases that distinguish it from the traditional approach
Early Specialization or Early Athletic Competencies? Literature Update and Methodological Considerations
No full textEarly Specialization or Early Athletic Competencies? Literature Update and Methodological Considerations
No full textThe early sport specialization is characterized as intensive year-round training
and/or competition, involving participation in a single sport that typically
begins in the prepubertal years. In recent years, most of the major national
societies and international sports and athletic associations, federations, and
organizations have released position statements advising against the practice
of early specialization amongst youth sports. Youth sports training must necessarily
take into account the cultural and social factors of each country. Over the
last decades, several development models have been structured, integrated, and
implemented, predominantly focusing upon the idea of the sporting talent model
and framework. The practitioners emphasised the importance of variety and
participation in a large range of sports and activities. This was identified as
fundamental and a key aspect of long-term athletic development for developing
well -rounded athletes whilst reducing burnout in one sport. This study describes
the change in the methodological paradigm in the youth sports training model
by analyzing the most recent literature; it aims to describe the methodological
orientation that must distinguish long-term training from the risk of early
specialization
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