32,189 research outputs found
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
No full textLetter from I. H. Kempner to Mr. Sam V. McNeill discussing McNeill's reminder to visit his motor company establishment, with Kempner reciprocating with reference to a bank account previously discussed
Structure and ligand binding of the SAM-V riboswitch
No full textSAM-V is one of the class of riboswitches that bind S-adenosylmethione, regulating gene expression by controlling translation. We have solved the crystal structure of the metY SAM-V riboswitch bound to its SAM ligand at 2.5 Å resolution. The RNA folds as an H-type pseudoknot, with a major-groove triple helix in which resides the SAM ligand binding site. The bound SAM adopts an elongated conformation aligned with the axis of the triple helix, and is held at either end by hydrogen bonding to the adenine and the amino acid moieties. The central sulfonium cation makes electrostatic interactions with an U:A.U base triple, so conferring specificity. We propose a model in which SAM binding leads to association of the triplex third strand that stabilizes a short helix and occludes the ribosome binding site. Thus the new structure explains both ligand specificity and the mechanism of genetic control.</p
Interview with Blind Sam Sutton about Caldwell Fork
No full textThis 56-page manuscript is titled “Interview with Blind Sam Sutton,” a 92-year-old former resident of Cataloochee. The 1973 interview recalls life on Caldwell Fork. The history was collected as part of the Cataloochee History Project that collected photographs, stories, and oral histories about families who lived in the Cataloochee Valley. Today’s Cataloochee Valley is within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. While, in general, the Great Smoky Mountains region was sparsely populated, the Cataloochee Valley remained an exception. By 1900, the population of Cataloochee had grown to 1,000 residents living in hundreds of log and frame homes.. ""'! .- . -~----------~~
INTERVIEW with
B 1 i n d S A M S U T T 0 N
92 years old
April 18, 1973
Maggie Valley, North Carolina
George Richardson and Sam Easterby
Interviewers
Topic of Discussion
CALDWELL FORK
LIBRARY
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
NATlONAL PARK
Tapea I *-II -73
Suttoa
INTERV lEW with
B 1 i n d SAM SUTTON
92 years old
April 18, 1973
Maggie Valley, North Carolina
George Richardson and Sam Easterby
Interviewers
Topic of Discussion
CALmVELL FOR.K
L!BF~ ARY
w ..
GREAT SMO KY MOUNTAINS
NATIONAL PARK
Tapes , ~· -73
IN REPL V REFER TO:
Blind.Sam Sutton
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738
N-o-T- I-C-E
No part of this manuscript may be quoted for
publication except by written permission of
the Superintendent of the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park.
KEY
All material flush with the left hand margin is by Mr. Sutton.
Material in the first indentation (5 spaces) is by the interviewer.
This has been taken off on a Wollensak 3M 6020 player. The index counter
number /000/ in the body of the text indicates a place where I could not
understand what was said. The index counter number in the margin (000)
is a reference number.
This has been taken off of the tape verbatim. No editing whatsoever has
been attempted. Attempt has been made to retain on paper the diction
used by the speaker.
.- GLOSSARY
An' And
's Was {or were)
is
has
'em Them
wuz Was
Tuk took
'd Had
Would
'n' And
'n Than
Th' The
Banjer Banjo
Jest Just
Clumb Climbed
'
: ~-; s ,,, s:> t:•"•f v--"·' ,.~,;:;-,,
+' ,C ''"''R~-·;;;,·~'?i<$~c , " ='-~"'''-
NOTE: This is on tape marked: "Reel ~F2 of Wylce McGaha interview.
Also interview w/ blind Sam Sutton - 92 years old - home in
Maggie Valley. Sam Easterby and George Richardson intervie\'<7ing • .
3-3/4 ips - mono - 4/18/73"
The first half of this tape, from 000 to 218 is the continuation
of interview with Wylce McGaha.
)
Interview with Blind Sam Sutton, on April 18, 1973. Interviewers George
Richardson and Sam Easterby, in Maggie Valley, North Carolina. Topic of
discussion, Caldwell Fork.
Look it up?
Oh, Billy Caldwell» uh, liv', he moved, he settled Caldwell Fork.
Uh huh.
Billy Caldwell. An' his wife 's named Vagie. An' he 's a crippled
man.
Uh huh.
And these, uh, his wife got sick and died and 's buried there. She,
but Old Man Jess MCGhee, he made some kind of a trade with this old
crippled man, Old Billy, Uncle Billy, and he got that place. So he come
an' carried Old Man Billy out there on his back. He had a job didn't he?
Yeah.
Well he did, that's what he done. An' this, uh, his, uh, his wife had a
girl, she may have more than one girl but one is all I know about. Ah,
her name was Amy an' she married Levi Shelton. An' so this is these,
an' Elzie Caldwell» he's old Uncle Billy's boy. An' him 'n' this Levi
la'fJnq o.A- Oodq1h '
Shelton was, ah, they 's oHtlawed ~the Civil War.
They were!
Yeah.
Oh ol}.
Yeah. They 's dodgin' the Civil War. An' as you go up, ah, Catalooch
Creek, hit's on the right side where they dug 'em a cave in the bank. In
1865 now this tuk place. An' so they wuz a hiding in that cave of a
night and' a slipping as close as they well could in their-- their
'·-..../
)· " ::,:~~TJf'?,,.~~;f~%~.r;~·1~y·~;r~·~:t<~~ :..: ~ :-. ~ .. :.·,::
· · · ~ Blind Sam Sutton Page 2
) This old Elzie Caldwell 's a livin' with a woman by the name of Susie
woods, an' he was, ah-- Well these scouts come in, they 's pranked aid
/235/ scouts from White Oak down here. An' they, they come in an' demanded
this Old Man Billy to tell 'em where the boys were at. They'd got a report
you know.
Uh huh.
An' so, he wouldn't do it. An' they whipped him but they struck him with
a strop 'n' just let, he'd, come over then 'n' hit the floor, didn't hurt
him much.
Uh huh.
An' so he wouldn't tell 'ern. They couldn't get it out of him. They went
on these old wirnrnen an' they wouldn't tell 'em 'n' they whipped them. And
so they played gone these scouts did. They left and got out of sight 'n'
wirnrnen like they thought they were gone. An' the men too. And so the men
come to get 'ern some·ching to eat. 'N' these scouts jumped out 'n' captured
'ern. An' they tuk 'ern up on Fork Mountain 'n' they killed 'em. Ah, at
White Branch. That's the place they killed 'ern. An' then they went over
to Big Catalooch an' they told the Old Man Jess Palmer that they had left
ove.P....
two burglars~here. An' Jess he come to see about it, 'n' he brought old
Aunt Susie Caldwell, she's the only woman I know of, but she was -there.
An' they brought these men blankets 'n' buried 'em up there. An' this
boy Riley, Riley Shelton, hit 's his daddy 'n' his uncle. Ah, who the men
wuz. An' when he got grown he went up there 'n' tuk the bones of 'ern 'n'
buried 'em in there with old Uncle Billy's wife. She-- they're all buried
together there. So that's how come the nam~, th' place being named
Caldwell Fork. An' so you can take that if you want to. 'N' I can tell
you. Old Uncle Jess he lived there, Jess McGhee.
Uh huh.
He lived there. An' died. Him 'n' his wife an' the girl. And I don't
remember that girl's name. I, I never met her. It was before my time.
I never met the girl, but his wife was named Amy. Amy McGhee. An' her
'n' Jess 'n' the girl 's all buried there. On Caldwell Fork. Ah, right
across the branch, an' out in the field. I've got, uh, four brothers
buried there in the same graveyard.
Huh.
Yes sir.
How large a family did you come from?
Ah, it fif-- they 's 14 of us 'n' we had a sister, one, one sister. An'
they're all gone now but me 'n' her 'n' one boy. Ever one.
Now where does she live now?
She lives right around the road here.
Well, how about that.
Yeah. She lives on, uh, the same road I do.
Well that's good.
Yeah. And she married Thurman Evans.
Now where was he from?
He, well he was raised on, uh, Cove Creek mostly. Uh, he finally got
in this country when he got to be a pretty good sized boy, his daddy
moved in this country.
Uh huh.
An' his daddy still lives, Old Man Jim Evans. He stays at Maggie above
Maggie with one of his sons. And wife.
Hmm.
Yeah.
Have you heard any more tales about the Civil War?
Sir?
Have you heard any more tales about what happened during the Civil
War in Cataloochee?
No. No. That's about all. That ever, I ever knowed about. Ah, they 's
ah, several people you know the scouts come in 'n' killed. They killed
two, two Grooms boys. And this, they 's on this side of the gap at Mt.
Sterling, an' they made 'em play the fiddle 'n' pick the banjer 'n' then
when they heard all the music they wanted to they shot 'em.
Huh.
An' that's called today the Grooms Boys Branch. It was right, a small
branch an' it goes by that name. The Grooms Boys Branch. It's on this
side of the gap.
Well, tell me something.
up on Cataloochee.
Yes sir, they played. Yes sir.
Who was it?
Me, for one.
What did you play?
Ah, banjer.
Do you still pick awill?
+-ha~ the S uHohs
I heard ~ /266/
pla~~d
just plaY- the music
I do, uh, but I've, I've been married 32 years 'n' had a new .banjer to
start with an' I've never had it inside the house. I jest-- I quit. I
took rheumatia in my hands.
Uh huh.
An' I went to Dr. Bob Medford for a good bit, 'n' he told me that death
cured it, 'n' that's about right.
How about that.
Yeah.
Well, who else played with you up there?
Th' Old Man George Sutton he played the fiddle. And, uh, let's see.
An' guitars like they have now wasn't the size you see nowadays, wasn't
many people owned 'em.
Uh huh.
They didn't have 'em banjers and fiddles what they wanted.
How about that.
Ha, ha, ha.
How about a dulcimer?
Ah, they didn't have one.
That's something.
Yeah.
Well
Yeah. They, they went the sound of banjer and fiddle.
Hmm. You remember some of the tunes you used to play?
Yeah. Ah.
Pol- I e.9
We, I know we 's playing one time over here in Eirepla~e-/275/
on Hemphill. Ah, we 's pickin' the banjer 'n' playin' the fiddle an' we
got pickin' "Down the Road." And Old Man Cal Parton was there 'n' he
was awful high tempered, he said (Here Mr. Sutton used a high pitched
y'n t M4o
voice) /277/ "All those jim gingered jews that is just down low, down
Vh { Q..oa t)
L~-..• .• ~ d J II sez, "that's all I've heered tonight."
He wanted to hear something else.
(Laughing)
Oh yes. Yeah. He wanted the tune changed. We sawed no more. (Laughing)
What else did you play?
Ah, you mean of music?
Uh huh.
Ah, "Shout Lou," that was one of the dancing tunes. Ah, "Arkansaw."
That 's one of our tunes. An' "Cripple Creek."
"Cripple Creek."
That was one •
. Yllqh+
pt(/(_
Then, oh, I don't know how many tunes we did, we'd take a 0 I J
1~ 'n' play. Yeah.
((tJYl What, did you ever ge oot into any of the musicians from any of the
other places around there?
Ah, you mean in this country?
Uh huh, right up in here and everything?
ptc.l(~'t.
Yeah. I done some, could pick a little. But I was a real banjer /283/
when I could pick-Q
If rn 9 }11--.
~ 'n' never pick the same tune.
'fore's I got rheumatiz in my hands I, I could pick
Well how about that.
Yeah. Yes sir.
That's a lot of tunes.
Yeah, that's right. An' they'd dance. I used to, uh, pick at Maggie a
lot. And they 's a woman up there. She was a Ray, and she was awful
good friendly woman. An' she 's lonely she used to dance then, I'd dance
for some of the rest to pick. An', pull my heavy shoes off 'n' get her
shoes to dance in. (Laughing) I've done that a many of a time. Many be
91~?..1 +J., ~ oJh.e.,..__ Y11 on. h ''"~ CJ
the time I've talked to her /287/ ra€-fter thau mauiing me over the phone.
She's gone now, the woman is. But she 's a friendly woman.
:;~r~'~,r::;;:. ~J\C~~1i~~ilf~::~r~";r~r£ci~1'
'! :.-:;
Page 7
How about that.
Yeah, I done.
"Down the Road" and "Cripple Creek"
Yeah. "Shout Lou." And "Arkansaw." Ah, that's a good tune. "Arkansaw"
is.
Well, where did you play up in Cataloochee1 Where did everybody get
together for the dance?
Well, they 'd, ah, first one, maybe it'd be where I was at. And maybe
somebody else's house.
How about that.
An' they was old Messer man, one of them Messer people. They 's all
musicians. They could pick 'n' play the fiddle. An' we'd go 'n' just have
a time running old country round-up. That's the way we done.
Did you ever have any /292/ banjos?
Sir?
Did you ever have any banjos, see who could last the longest?
No. Nub uh. No.
I bet you would have been the grand champion.
Yeah. I, I guess I'd won cause I, I could pick a whole lot 'n' without
picking the same tune. I guess I could. I've no idea, but that's the
way it 'd have went.
Where did you live on Caldwell Fork?
Ah, about two miles from the top of this Purchase Mountain. You know
about it?
About where it is.
Blind
Well, I lived two miles down from the top. On Caldwell Fork.
How about that.
Yeah. That's right.
Beautiful country up in there.
Yeah. And some of the largest timber. They 's timber there that, uh,
well it was in sight of where we was at. They 's six trees would have
Jwt:.l \1 1'1 !1
made anybody a good r~ng tlouse. A good un.
How about that.
The trees would
One tree would make a house. Huh.
Yeah. Yeah, they'd made a real house 'n' they 's poplars.
Whew. That's big.
Yeah. They 's some of the largest timb~in that section of country
they is in the state of North Carolina. Yes sir. They 's some of the
largest timber. We had one oak tree that 's in what they call the Den
Flats, an' they 's an old fellow by the name of Will Tate cut the
timber in there. An' I knowed him well. And he left that tree because
he didn't have stock an' men to handle it. It was 30 feet around.
Whew.
And that 's 10 feet in diameter.
Uh huh.
That was a large tree. But somebody told me that that tree had fell.
And I guess that's right. They said it had, I haven't been to it in
well, in 40 year I don't guess. It's-- but since that somebody told me
it 1 d fell.
Now, when did you leave Caldwell Fork?
Well the park, uh, uh, give orders fer people when they bought 'em, was
then I left.
Uh.
That 's in '32 I believe. I think it was.
So you had been, you had been up there for quite a while?
Ah
When they had you leave.
Yeah. Yeah. Well you see the way it was. My brother owned 90 acres in
what they call the Turkey Cove.
Now I'm not familiar with that.
Sir?
I'm not familiar with that.
Well, hit's right straight from the Caldwell Fork country, you go right
through there, ah, hit's jest a trailway. An' you pass the Robert Palmer
place, 'n' so on, to go through it. And my uncle made a road when they
's in there in this Den Flat country they bought that. And this Old
Man Will Tate he cut it. He cut it 'n' sawed it. And he had my uncle to
make a road. So they could haul, haul it out. But they never hauled it
out. Hit was burned. 'n' you know what fer (Laughing)
Go ahead and tell me about that.
Well, it was, ah, ah, fine yard of lumber, an' one night hit just got
on fire. And so he, that was to get insurance without work. (Laughing)
Yeah. You know how that goes. (Laughing)
Comes in handy in the winter.
0 h B 0 y! That of all times. It saved him, you see he had this road
made in there and he didn't have it like a road orter be. But then he
IS' uh, his lumber yard went ashes 'n' dust.
Were there any lumbering companies in there or were there was it
just a private individual?
Well, hit 's more of a private individual 'n~ anything else. Yeah.
Well did he have, did he have his own sawmill? Or did he take them
Up to Cataloochee?
The Old Man Tate? Yeah. Uh huh. Yeah he had
Was that right on Caldwell Fork?
They 's right next to Caldwell Fork. There, Den Flats was. Yeah.
Was it a good sized mill?
Yeah, it 's pretty good size mill. It 's jest a, jest a common circle
you know like they have. And it wasn't like a band outfit. It, but they
could cut lots of lumber out of good timber like that.
Let's see, when the park came along about how many people were over
there on Caldwell Fork?
They 's, well, I'll tell you, I'll name 'em 'n' you count 'em.
OK
Uh, they 's, not counting myself now. Cause I wasn't married then. Uh,
they was Houston Sutton, 'n' John Caldwell, 'n' Bobby Caldwell. And Jim
Sutton. And we're, we're counting right next to the park now,
Uh huh.
Jim Sutton. Lijah Messer. And, uh, Carson Messer. An' Mack 'n' Bob
Barton.
Hnnn.
And that's, then this Robert Palmer I 's telling you about, he lived
back in there next to the Den Flats. His brother Frank sold this Old
Man Tate the Den Flats. An' he got the timber. An' he bought it at that
time for twelve hundred.
Whew.
And they 's trees in there that two of 'em was almost a /328/ (Laughing)
He, he, now I'll tell you a joke on, uh, Robert. Ah.
'\ I
He '4 go to school
Big Catalooch. When he 's a young man like. An' the teacher said, "Class,"
said, "Everybody, uh, as I call the names," sez, "ever, you stand and tell
what you want to be when you get older." All right. So they 's some told
this 'n' some told that 'n' some told the other. Like young uns '11 do
you know.
Uh huh.
Girls 'n' boys all. And Robert he stood up. An' they asked him said
"What do you want to be." Sez, "I want to be the boogerman." (Laughing)
He wanted to go around and scare everybody.
Yeah. They said, "Don't you want to be something else besides the
boogerman? 11 "No, 11he said, "that's what I want to be." And he went by the
name of that as long as he stayed there. The park finally run him out. He,
they bought his property 'n' run him out. And, but I, I didn't finish my
joke. One time Bobby Caldwell's wife come up there, right, it was real
late, hit 's in the summertime, and she wanted me 'n' all that she could
git to go ·with her. Uh, Robert had-- that 's her man but we always called
him Bobby Caldwell. And so she said he 'd went to cut some hay for Robert
Palmer 'n' hadn't got . in. And she was afraid he'd got hurt or something
with the machine.
Uh huh.
He had a mowing machine. Well, we all bunched up and went with this
woman. And we 's going round the road next to Messers, Lige Messers.
And I heard 'em. I said, "People stop and wait til they get a little
closer, fer," I said, "they're coming. I hear 'em." We waited and they
come, 'n' they was both pretty high. And we went on to the-- we went on--
we had to cross the branch. It 's called the Long Branch. And so they 's
two little old poles like that and you had to walk them. That was all the
way they was toccross it. And Robert he decided he 'd pull one on me and
he got up on it, was a going to crawl. And he was drunk you know, and he
rolled off, in the branch. (Laughing) I jumped in. And Bobby he'd done
got his, his machine through 'n' so on ' , and he jumped in there 'n' he was
drunk too 'n' he fell down. That was some kidding about when to back up.
So I got 'em out. Next morning I went down there and Old Man Robert 'n'
Bobby 's setting on the porch. I sez, "Well, I come down to tell you
fellers. I se~ I'm going to do whatever I want to, don't make any
difference how many they is or what is causes," I sez, "I'm going to do
that." Robert sez, "How's that." I sez, "Boogerman got drunk." {Laughing)
Then he caught on to me. He laughed, I never heard a man laugh so yet.
As that old man did about that. {Laughing) Yeah, I told him I 's out of
danger, the boogerman got drunk. (Laughing) He 's Robert the menace.
They 's all good to me though. Ever _place. And their men, go over the
+o tZ.an"f ~ f), eJi·r._ .sf.oo(._
mountains, they have to you know the rangers stalk. And they'd, these
women, children 'd all bunch at one place, and they'd put me in the front
room, and so if any boogers come they'd git me first.
Break 352.
They'd get you first.
Yeah. They 'd git me first. That's right.
How about that.
They'd do that. They 's, well, we'll never have it agin of course. In
one ways it 's a good thing the government took it over. Because by now
most apy ef those people I 8 /354/, no ./.til IV>' Whet+ p ecJpJ~ I c) j) t~el').
Uh huh.
-rh fy b-e J, evt J 1n
Yeah. But making, drinking, and selling,
Huh.
That was their way of do-- and, uh, Big Catalooch was as bad as we was.
Hmm.
Yeah.
Was there a lot of stills up there?
Oh yeah. They 's plenty of 'em. Yeah.
You think there were more stills in that area than in most of the
other areas in these hills around here?
They's not so many there now. There, uh, they aint nobody, no people.
Uh huh.
Much. No.
How about around ~920?
Yeah. It was too bad. It was, it was rough.
Ha ha
-r'oo We~ ro ~loW'
/357/ (Laughing)
;,., .~ . ~~:t~~:r.zhj ~~;~':·
Page ' l4,
That's right. They had 'em. Ah, the funniest thing. Me 'n' my brother
went one day. We had some beer up but it wasn't ready to run. And we
s qoYlYICL.
just 'cided we'ij j~t go~· borrow us a gallon 'n' drink on til this got
ready an' cured enough to run it.
Uh huh.
Ah, we went to an old man by the name of Ralston Smith that lived there
at the time. An' this old man Ralston, ah, we, we run into him at Bobbys
1n' they 's three corn mills there. Ever the-- they had things as
convenient as they could. They'd grind their corn, their own corn, an'
yours, 'n' everbody looked after each other.
Uh huh.
They, they done that. And we, we found old man Ralston at Bobbys. And
we called him out 'n' told him what we wanted. He sez, "All right,"
said, "I'll just go in here and git my meal and go with you. And get it
fer you." Well, he had a big sack of meal, 'n' he was old 'n' I carried
it fer him 'nl I tuk it 'n' carried it. And so we went up there an' from
the baby up he-- he come in 'n' he first give us a drink of the whiskey,
and tuk a drink hisself, and then from the baby up he give likker.
Huh.
And that was the funniest thing to me. Them little old young uns just
drink that the same as I wuz. Yeah. And come to his wife she drunk it.
And, then, that 's the way they was about it. Yeah.
Was there ever a church ever on Caldwell Fork?
A church? No. No. They was a school but no church.
Now did most of the people over on Caldwell Fork go to the Palmer
Chapel or did they go up on Little Cataloochee.
~ov wonl- +n,. rrt.vH').
No, they never went most of 'em /369/ They never went nowhere.
Naw
Huh.
(N0 te: From 369 to 374 a telephone conversation
was going t_on and also recorded)
So most of them didn't go to church?
Yeah. That's right.
Well now would, did the women go to church?
No.
Hmm.
No. They didn't go. That's right.
What was, what was the big day? Now was Sunday the big day?
Yeah. We'd, ah, everbody would respect Sunday. But they wouldn't go
out. You see it was across the mountain from Caldwell Fork to Big
Catalooch and, and hit's a long ways to go 'n' .they just didn't do it.
Hmm.
That's all. Yeah.
Would you mind if I smoke a cigarette?
No, sir. Go ahead.
/373/
No.
I see, then where was the, where was the main market?
The-- now you mean the store?
Uh huh.
The store that they
Where did the folks take their crops? If they wanted to sell them
or trade them off for other goods?
Well they, they always traded each other. They never traded much out.
Uh, now, many 'd go town, tuk two days, uh, to go to town. They 'd buy 'em
some flour 'n' sugar 'n' coffee 'n' stuff like that. Something that they
couldn't raise you know. And come back in.
What town was that?
Waynesville.
Did they ever go up to Knoxville or
No. Nuh uh. No.
How about Big Creek? Did t
Phospho-Switch: Regulation of the Activity of SAM-Dependent Methyltransferases Using H-Phosphinic SAM Analogue
No full textS-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a central cofactor in cellular methylation, donating methyl groups to a wide range of biological substrates. SAM analogues are promising tools for selective modulation of methyltransferase activity. Here, we investigated phosphorus-containing analogues of SAM and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), focusing on the H-phosphinic SAM analogue ((R,S)-SAM-PH) with the HO(H)(O)P group replacing the carboxyl group of SAM. We examined the interaction of (R,S)-SAM-PH with three representative methyltransferases: Dnmt1, responsible for maintenance of DNA methylation; Dnmt3a, which establishes de novo DNA methylation; and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which methylates protocatechuic aldehyde to yield vanillin and isovanillin. (R,S)-SAM-PH is a methyl group donor for Dnmt3a and COMT, but not for Dnmt1, despite the high structural similarity of the Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a catalytic domains. These results demonstrate that targeted modification of the carboxyl group of SAM can yield analogues with specific activity towards various methyltransferases. The different recognition of (R,S)-SAM-PH by Dnmt3a and Dnmt1 highlights its potential as a molecular probe for distinguishing de novo from maintenance DNA methylation. This work enriches our understanding of methyltransferase substrate specificity and provides a new tool for selective modulation of epigenetic processes
The effectiveness of interventions to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children: a systematic review
No full textSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) arises as a consequence of a sudden period of food shortage and is associated with loss of a person’s body fat and wasting of their skeletal muscle. Many of those affected are already undernourished and are often susceptible to disease. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable as they require extra nutrition for growth and development, have comparatively limited energy reserves and depend on others. Undernutrition can have drastic and wide-ranging consequences for the child’s development and survival in the short and long term. Despite efforts made to treat SAM through different interventions and programmes, it continues to cause unacceptably high levels of mortality and morbidity. Uncertainty remains as to the most effective methods to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to treat infants and children aged < 5 years who have SAM.Data sourcesEight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, CAB Abstracts Ovid, Bioline, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconLit EBSCO and The Cochrane Library) were searched to 2010. Bibliographies of included articles and grey literature sources were also searched. The project expert advisory group was asked to identify additional published and unpublished references.Review methodsPrior to the systematic review, a Delphi process involving international experts prioritised the research questions. Searches were conducted and two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were applied to the full texts of retrieved papers by one reviewer and checked independently by a second. Included studies were mapped to the research questions. Data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Differences in opinion were resolved through discussion at each stage. Studies were synthesised through a narrative review with tabulation of the results.ResultsA total of 8954 records were screened, 224 full-text articles were retrieved, and 74 articles (describing 68 studies) met the inclusion criteria and were mapped. No evidence focused on treatment of children with SAM who were human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive, and no good-quality or adequately reported studies assessed treatments for SAM among infants < 6 months old. One randomised controlled trial investigated fluid resuscitation solutions for shock, with none adequately treating shock. Children with acute diarrhoea benefited from the use of hypo-osmolar oral rehydration solution (H-ORS) compared with the standard World Health Organization-oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS). WHO-ORS was not significantly different from rehydration solution for malnutrition (ReSoMal), but the safety of ReSoMal was uncertain. A rice-based ORS was more beneficial than glucose-based ORSs, and provision of zinc plus a WHO-ORS had a favourable impact on diarrhoea and need for ORS. Comparisons of different diets in children with persistent diarrhoea produced conflicting findings. For treating infection, comparison of amoxicillin with ceftriaxone during inpatient therapy, and routine provision of antibiotics for 7 days versus no antibiotics during outpatient therapy of uncomplicated SAM, found that neither had a significant effect on recovery at the end of follow-up. No evidence mapped to the next three questions on factors that affect sustainability of programmes, long-term survival and readmission rates, the clinical effectiveness of management strategies for treating children with comorbidities such as tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infection and the factors that limit the full implementation of treatment programmes. Comparison of treatment for SAM in different settings showed that children receiving inpatient care appear to do as well as those in ambulatory or home settings on anthropometric measures and response time to treatment. Longer-term follow-up showed limited differences between the different settings. The majority of evidence on methods for correcting micronutrient deficiencies considered zinc supplements; however, trials were heterogeneous and a firm conclusion about zinc was not reached. There was limited evidence on either supplementary potassium or nicotinic acid (each produced some benefits), and nucleotides (not associated with benefits). Evidence was identified for four of the five remaining questions, but not assessed because of resource limitation.LimitationsThe systematic review focused on key questions prioritised through a Delphi study and, as a consequence, did not encompass all elements in the management of SAM. In focusing on evidence from controlled studies with the most rigorous designs that were published in the English language, the systematic review may have excluded other forms of evidence. The systematic review identified several limitations in the evidence base for assessing the effectiveness of interventions for treating young children with severe acute malnutrition, including a lack of studies assessing the different interventions; limited details of study methods used; short follow-up post intervention or discharge; and heterogeneity in participants, interventions, settings, and outcome measures affecting generalisability.ConclusionsFor many of the most highly ranked questions evidence was lacking or inconclusive. More research is needed on a range of topic areas concerning the treatment of infants and children with SAM. Further research is required on most aspects of the management of SAM in children < 5 years, including intravenous resuscitation regimens for shock, management of subgroups (e.g. infants < 6 months old, infants and children with SAM who are human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive) and on the use of antibiotics.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Technology Assessment programme.<br/
Going micro: Analysing SAM multipliers for the dairy chain on Reunion Island
No full textThis poster presents a study on the multiplier effects in the dairy chain on Reunion Island. This Indian Ocean island is one of the French overseas departments. However, it struggles with similar problems as the developing areas in its neighbourhood, high levels of unemployment especially being a major concern. The agricultural sector justifies the state support it receives by stressing its role in the creation of employment and economic activity. Our focus is on the dairy sector of the Island, which is relatively recent and highly organized. Local milk production has increased over the years and our aim is to calculate the economywide impact of this trend. We use a social accounting matrix with disaggregated accounts for the dairy sector to calculate the impact of changes in this sector.Dairy, SAM, La Reunion, Livestock Production/Industries,
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A Social Accounting Matrix for Bolivia Featuring Formal and Informal Activities
No full textThis paper describes the construction of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Bolivia for the year 1997. Three distinctive features render the SAM a useful starting point for distributional analyses. First, production in the agricultural and services sectSAM, structural adjustment programs, poverty, income distribution, Bolivia
Two new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from central Vietnam
No full textLam, Dang H., Nguyen, Tung T., Hoang, Sam V., Nguyen, Anh D. (2018): Two new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from central Vietnam. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 572-579, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.535998
H-tailored surface conductivity in narrow band gap In(AsN)
No full textWe show that the n-type conductivity of the narrow band gap In(AsN) alloy can be increased within a thin (similar to 100 nm) channel below the surface by the controlled incorporation of H-atoms. This channel has a large electron sheet density of similar to 10(18) m(-2) and a high electron mobility (mu > 0.1 m(2)V(-1)s(-1) at low and room temperature). For a fixed dose of impinging H-atoms, its width decreases with the increase in concentration of N-atoms that act as H-traps thus forming N-H donor complexes near the surface. (C) 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
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