1,721,015 research outputs found
On the effects of EU trade policy: Agricultural tariffs still matter
No full textWe capitalise on the latest development in the empirical structural gravity literature to examine the question of whether and how much the European Union (EU) agricultural tariffs affect agricultural imports. We capture both the protectionist and preferential nature of EU trade policies by measuring the effects of multilateral, bilateral and unilateral agreements on international trade relative to intra-EU trade. The computation of bilateral protection and preference margins is used to determine which countries/sectors are most negatively/positively affected. On average, EU agricultural tariffs have decreased international trade by 14 per cent. We also find that EU preferences have been effective in promoting trade by about 10 per cent
The AfCFTA impact on agricultural and food trade: A value added perspective
Full text linkThe African Continental Free Trade Area agreement will create the largest single market in the world in terms of the number of countries and people. We analyse the effects of regional trade liberalisation on production fragmentation and networks using a global computable general equilibrium model adapted to take into account the value-added structure of international trade. This permits the analysis of the impact of trade policies in the presence of global upstream and downstream linkages through a counterfactual analysis. The analysis goes beyond previous studies by focusing on member countries' agricultural and food integration in regional and global value chains through backward and forward linkages. Our simulation results suggest that the agreement could have a significant impact on trade patterns in terms of value-added structure and extra- or intra-regional destinations. The reduction in trade costs within the region has a higher incidence on agriculture and food backward intra-regional integration than on forward participation, but this pattern varies substantially across countries. We find that the continental agreement translates in more widely spread benefits across sectors if we consider the income generated within each sector (value added) rather than simply accounting for gross exports
The consequences of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement for the UK's international trade
Full text linkWe analyse the likely trade effects of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), which defnes the post-Brexit trading environment between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU). We apply a computable general equilibrium model and focus on trade in value added rather than just the gross values of exports and imports. We describe the TCA and estimate its effects on the costs of conducting UK-EU trade, including various non-tariff barriers in both goods and services. We suggest that the TCA will reduce UK trade signifcantly: total exports by around 7 per cent and imports by around 14 per cent. In terms of value added (i.e. incomes generated), textiles and vehicles, both of which trade extensively with the EU, suffer heavily, as do services which trade signifcantly with the EU, face large increases in trade barriers, and experience declining demand from other sectors as those sectors' exports fall. Such inter-industry linkages spread the losses from Brexit widely through the economy
Internationalization choices: an ordered probit analysis at industry-level Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche Gestionali e Sociali, Università degli Studi del Molise, n. 71/13
No full textEsportazioni e investimenti diretti esteri nel settore agro-alimentare. Complementarietà o sostituibilità
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Currency Unions and Global Value Chains: The Impact of the Euro on the Italian Value Added Exports
Full text linkMany estimates of the effect of the common currency on trade have been made, although a clear answer has yet to be given. This work analyses the trade effect of the euro by providing a twofold contribution. First, one of the main stylised facts that has emerged from the recent literature is that trade flows in gross terms can differ substantially from those measured in value added terms. Accordingly, we focus on the structure of global value chains rather than conventional gross trade. To this aim, we provide an estimate of the value added trade flows that would have existed between Italy and its main trading partners if Italy had not joined the monetary union and show how, and to what extent, international production sharing has been affected. Second, we use a methodology that is different from traditional, parametric ones. Specifically, we apply the synthetic control method to construct appropriate counterfactuals and estimate the causal impact of the euro. Our empirical analysis provides a relevant case for considering value added in addition to gross trade since it shows that the euro facilitated the forward integration of Italian exports, whereas it slowed down backward integration. Overall, these results suggest that the euro had an impact on Italian global value chain participation by altering value added flows across member as well as non-member states, with great heterogeneity in the results across value added trade components and sectors
Exports vs. foreign direct investment: evidence from cross-country industry data
No full textThe recent process of globalization has been characterized by a rapid increase of foreign direct
investments (FDIs), outpacing the simultaneous expansion of arms-length trade (exporting). Trade
theory traces back different patterns of internationalization to differences in productivity levels between
firms. As in Helpman et al. (2004), we argue that differences in productivity are affected by
heterogeneity in firm size. However, we explicitly consider the number of large firms in a sector rather
than the size dispersion. Moreover, previous literature performs single country analysis, whereas we
extend our analysis to several developed as well as developing countries. By using comprehensive
cross-section data on bilateral exports and FDIs (proxied by mergers and acquisitions) over the period
1994-2004, we explain differences across 57 manufacturing sectors in the relative incidence of trade
and FDIs. Controlling for other factors affecting the patterns of internationalization and performing
several sample splits and robustness tests, our results confirm that sectors with a higher number of large
firms are associated with stronger incidence of FDIs relative to trade.Il recente processo di globalizzazione è stato caratterizzato dall’incremento degli investimenti diretti esteri (IDE) che ha superato di gran lunga la rapida e simultanea espansione delle esportazioni. La teoria sul commercio internazionale spiega i patterns di internazionalizzazione attraverso le differenze nei livelli di produttività tra le imprese. Compatibilmente con i risultati di Helpman et al. (2004), questo lavoro argomenta che le differenze di produttività tra le imprese sono determinate dall’eterogeneità tra le imprese in termini di dimensione. Tuttavia, questo lavoro considera esplicitamente il numero di imprese di grandi dimensioni presenti in ciascun settore, anziché la dispersione della dimensione. Inoltre, la letteratura esistente compie analisi specifiche per singoli paesi, mentre il nostro lavoro estende l’analisi a diversi paesi, sia sviluppati che in via di sviluppo. Utilizzando un dataset cross-section sulle esportazioni e gli IDE (misurati attraverso il valore delle fusioni e acquisizioni) bilaterali, per il periodo 1994-2004, il lavoro spiega le differenze nell’incidenza del commercio sugli IDE, tra 57 settori manifatturieri. Controllando per diversi fattori che incidono sui patterns di internazionalizzazione e riportando i risultati di diversi test di robustezza, il lavoro conferma che i settori caratterizzati da una maggiore presenza di imprese di grandi dimensioni presentano una più elevata incidenza degli IDE rispetto alle [email protected]@[email protected]
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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