1,720,989 research outputs found
Electron contribution to photon transport in coupled photon-electron problems: inner-shell impact ionization correction to XRF
No full textThe Monte Carlo code PENELOPE (coupled electron-photon Monte Carlo) has been used to compute the effect of the secondary electrons on the X-ray fluorescence characteristic lines. The mechanism that produces this contribution is the inner-shell impact ionization. The ad hoc code KERNEL (which calls the PENELOPE library) has been used to simulate a forced first collision at the origin of coordinates. The electron correction (produced by the secondary electrons and their multiple scattering) has been studied in terms of angle, space and energy. The energy dependence has been quantified in the interval 1-150keV, for all the emission lines (K, L and M) of the elements with atomic numbers Z=11-92. For each characteristic line, the energy dependence is described by simple parametric expressions corresponding to the five energy regions delimited by the K, L1, L2 and L3 absorption edges. It has been introduced a new photon kernel comprising the correction due to inner-shell impact ionization. The new kernel is suitable to be adopted in photon transport codes (either deterministic or Monte Carlo) with a minimal effort. Finally, the new kernel has been studied for different elements and lines to trace a general behavior
Detailed calculation of inner-shell impact ionization to use in photon transport codes
No full textSecondary electrons can modify the intensity of the XRF characteristic lines by means of a mechanism known as inner-shell impact ionization (ISII). The ad-hoc code KERNEL (which calls the PENELOPE package) has been used to characterize the electron correction in terms of angular, spatial and energy distributions. It is demonstrated that the angular distribution of the characteristic photons due to ISII can be safely considered as isotropic, and that the source of photons from electron interactions is well represented as a point source. The energy dependence of the correction is described using an analytical model in the energy range 1–150 keV, for all the emission lines (K, L and M) of the elements with atomic numbers Z=11–92. It is introduced a new photon kernel comprising the correction due to ISII, suitable to be adopted in photon transport codes (deterministic or Monte Carlo) with a minimal effort. The impact of the correction is discussed for the most intense K (Kα1,Kα2,Kβ1) and L (Lα1,Lα2) lines
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Col·legi Sant Ignasi de Loiola, edifici central
No full textArquitectura popular /neogòtic.Casa s.XVIII-XIX, col·legi: 1892-1942.Martorell i Montells, Joan (arquitecte); Salvat, Francesc (m. d'obres)Primer pla d'edifici educaional.Consta de
semisoterrani, planta baixa, dues plantes
pis i planta amansardada.La façana es
resol mitjançant la combinació del maó
premsat,maçoneria al pany de paret,
pedra del pòrtic i l'inici dels arcs,etc
Col·legi Sant Ignasi de Loiola, Casa Gardenyes
No full textArquitectura popular /neogòtic.Casa s.XVIII-XIX, col·legi: 1892-1942.Martorell i Montells, Joan (arquitecte); Salvat, Francesc (m. d'obres)Primer pla d'edifici d'habitatge unifamiliar.
La finca es componia de la casa principal,
una segona casa destinada al servei,
cavallerisses i un jardí, amb un estany en
la zona d'accés i dos estanys en la part
posterior, que s'obria al bosc
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