226 research outputs found
South Carolina Hurricane Guide
No full textS.C. Department of Public Safety,
S.C. Commission for Minority Affairs,
Clemson University Extension Service,
S.C. Department of Insurance,
National Weather Service,
S.C. Broadcasters Association,
Federal Emergency Management Agency,
American Red Cross,
S.C. Department of Transportatio
South Carolina Hurricane Guide
No full textS.C. Department of Public Safety,
S.C. Commission for Minority Affairs,
Clemson University Extension Service,
S.C. Department of Insurance,
National Weather Service,
S.C. Broadcasters Association,
Federal Emergency Management Agency,
American Red Cross,
S.C. Department of Transportatio
OEM : rebuild to strengthen Oregon's emergency management
No full textThis archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Title from PDF caption (viewed on February 13, 2014)Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection
Towards the Holy Grail: combining system dynamics and discrete-event simulation in healthcare
No full textThe idea of combining discrete-event simulation and system dynamics has been a topic of debate in theoperations research community for over a decade. Many authors have considered the potential benefits ofsuch an approach from a methodological or practical standpoint. However, despite numerous examples ofmodels with both discrete and continuous parameters in the computer science and engineering literature,nobody in the OR field has yet succeeded in developing a genuinely hybrid approach which truly integratesthe philosophical approach and technical merits of both DES and SD in a single model. In this paperwe consider some of the reasons for this and describe two practical healthcare examples of combinedDES/SD models, which nevertheless fall short of the “holy grail” which has been so widely discussed inthe literature over the past decade
Design Guidelines For Flood Damage Reduction
No full textI
I
I j
u
I.o
Design Guidelines for
Flood Damage Reduction
Acknowledgements
Many people contributed valuable assistance to the preparation of this
manual. We wish to acknowledge first the guidance provided by Melita
Rodeck, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's technical repre-sentative.
Also invaluable were the members of the project's advisory committee:
Armando C. Lardieri, Assistant Chief, Engineering Division, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District.
Larry A. Larson, Chief of Floodplain and Shoreland Management Sec-tion,
Wisconsin Bureau of Water Regulation and Zoning, Madison.
Luna B. Leopold, Professor, University of California at Berkeley.
Rutherford Platt, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts at
Amherst.
Gray Plosser, AIA, Kidd Wheeler and Plosser, Inc., Birmingham, Ala-bama.
Mark Riebau, Assistant Chief of Floodplain and Shoreland Management,
Wisconsin Bureau of Water Regulation and Zoning, Madison.
Robert B. Riley, AIA, Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Conrad B. Wessell, AIA, Goldsboro, North Carolina.
Others who provided guidance and review included:
Christopher Arnold, Building Systems Development Inc., San Fran-cisco;
Raymond R Fox, Associate, Dames and Moore, Washington,
D.C.; Narendra N. Gunaji, Director, Engineering Experiment Station,
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; George Phippen, Chief of
Flx)dplain Management, Office of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.; Gilbert F White, Natural Haz-ards
Research and Applications Information Center, University of
Colorado, Boulder; and John Ziegler, AIA, Regional Director, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, New York.
Prepared by
ALA Research Corporation
1735 New York Avenue, Northwest
Washington, D.C. 200(Xi
Charles R. Ince,jr.-President
Donald E. Geis-Project Manager
Barry Steeves-Research Associate & Author
David A. Robillard-Research Assistant & Illustrator
Fred If. Greenberg-Design
Paul K. McClure-Editor
Consultants
EDAW Inc.
Environmental Planning, Urban Design, and Landscape Architecture
San Francisco and Alexandria, Virginia
Elliot Rhodeside, Principal
Sheila Brady, Project Manager
Sheaffer and Roland, Inc.
Environmental Planners and Engineers
Chicago and Washington, D.C.
H. Crane Miller, Vice President and General Counsel
James F. Goddard, Consulting Enginecer
October 1981
This manual was prepared under Contract Number EMC-C-0010 with
the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Disclaimer
The statements and descriptions contained in this manual are those of
the ALA Research Corporation and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the U.S. Government in general or the Federal Emergency Man-agement
Agency in particular. The U.S. Government, and FEMA make
no warranty, expressed or implied, and assume no responsibility for
the accuracy or completeness of the information herein.
IAble of Contents
Acknowledgements
1 Preface
Section I: Background
3 Chapter 1: Introduction
Flood Damage
Response to Flooding
Purpose of the Manual
Organization of the Manual
9 Chapter 2: Flooding and the Built
Environment
The Natural System
The Hydrologic Cycle
Riverine Flooding
Coastal Flooding
The Built Environment
Riverine Development
Coastal Development
Urbanization
Effects of Ievelopment
Development Pressures
21 Chapter 3: Policies, Programs, and
Strategies for Flood Damage Reduction
Evolution of Flood Policy
Policy Results
New Focus of Federal Policy
Executive Orders
Strategies for Flood Damage Reduction
Land Use Planning and Management
Urban Redevelopment and Preservation
Acquisition and Relocation
Floodproofing
Forecasting, Warning, and Preparedness
Relief and Rehabilitation
Section II: Design for Flood Damage
Reduction
31 Chapter 4: Design Analysis for Flood
Damage Reduction
Regulatory Information
National Flood Insurance Program
Local Planning and Floodplain Management
State Programs
Regional Jurisdictions
Federal Agency Regulations
Flood Hazard Data
I Hydrologic Data
Site Characteristics
Existing I)evelopment
53 Chapter 5: Design Techniques for Flood
Damage Reduction
Type of Project
Applicability of Design Techniques
Site Design Teclmiques
Control of Stormwater Runoff
Building Design Techniques
Section III: Resource Index
75 Glossary
77 Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Regional Offices
79 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, District
Offices
81 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, State Offices by
Region
85 U.S. Department of the Interior, Water and
Power Resources Service, Regional
Offices
86 U.S. Geological Survey, State Offices
89 State Coordinating Offices for the National
Flood Insurance Program
93 Flood-Related Building Codes
Excerpts from the Building Officials and Code
Administrators (BOCA) Model Code
State Building Code Offices
97 National Flood Insurance Program, Rules,
Building and Insurance Rate Information
98 Bibliography
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Preface
The Federal Emergency Management Agency, is charged
with implementing the National Flood Insurance Act of
1968. Under this act FEMA is responsible for administer-ing
the National Flood Insurance Program and sponsor-ing
other activities intended to reduce losses attributable
to flooding. In pursuit of the latter goal FEMA has sought
to:
* Encourage wise land-use and watershed management
practices.
* Encourage better integration of natural and social
systems.
* Encourage appropriate design and construction
practices in flood-prone areas.
This manual has been prepared by the AIA Research
Corporation as a special study for the FEMA to assist in
meeting these objectives. The manual focuses on the need
for improved building and site design in flood-prone
areas-not, however, in isolation from effective floodplain
management which must accompany improved design if
flood losses are to be reduced significantly
Reduction of flood losses depends on damage mitiga-tion
activities by a variety of those involved in the use of
our water and land resources. This responsibility falls to
a large extent on those who design the built environment,
since damage to buildings and their contents is the most
common source of monetary loss in a flood disaster For
these designers to effectively contribute to flood damage
reduction, they need specific information on the causes of
flood damage and on ways to decrease losses through the
design process. This manual has been prepared to pro-vide
that information
. .9 .
Chapter I
Introduction
The process of human development hats been linked to
oceans and rivers since the earliest phases of western
civilization Access to water has been essential for sanita-tion,
transportation, energy, economic development, de-fense,
recreation, and social amenity The preeminence of
these factors has fluctuated throughout history, but the
reliance on water has continued.
Parallel to cultural evolution and its need for access
to water has been the development of large segments of
the built environment along seacoasts and riverbanks,
with human settlement patterns having taken both social
and economic advantage of the natural environment 4!
However, this pattern has also led to a conflict between
natural systems and social systems: The need for direct ac- -E
cess to water has resulted in human occupation of low-lying
areas that are subject to periodic inundation.
Flood Damage
Flooding occurs naturally as one part of the earths hydro-logic
system. It is when this natural event is combined
with the human tendency to live at the water's edge that
the interaction of natural and social environments pro-duces
the potential for disaster Unfortunately this poten- K
tial has been realized repeatedly throughout history, and0
the conflict is not yet resolved; losses due to flooding con-tinue
to increase.
Cultural evolution led to
ihe location of largeseg-ments
of the built envi-
LXX: f~f00f1V+VS N ronment adjacent to waler
This pattern can lead to
disaster when flooding
occurs.
v | E
1 g~~~~~~~~~~~~
[)vpartuen( *t H()sing and irhm.uDie velopmentl
Area problem
Area in which flooding causes
major damage to agricultural,
urban, and other developments
Unshaded area may not be j problem-freeb, ut problemw as
not considered major
Reasonsf or intensifiedfl ood
damage
Urban, suburban, and industrial
W development on flood plains
Accelerated runoff from urban 0 areas
A Inadequate upstream watershed A management
Loss of flood control from in-adequates
tructurasl ystems
Tidal effects along coasts during
W storms and hurricanes
Flooding Problems in the
United States This map
shows the areas of the
country in which flood
damage i most prevalent
and identifies some of the
causseso f flooding in the
respective areas.
In the United States, approximately 160 million acres
of land are in floodplains, with more than 6 million
dwellings and a large number of nonresidential buildings
located there. Periodic inundation of these floodplains is
responsible for more damage to the built environment
than any other type of natural disaster The following fig-ures
indicate the seriousness of the problem
* In the six-year period between 1973 and 1979, there
occurred 193 major natural disasters and 77
Presidentially declared emergencies; of these approxi-mately
80 percent involved flooding
* In 1978, the total flood damage-both economic and
social-has been estimated to have been 1.7 billion annually
* In 1978, 17 states suffered flood damage serious
enough to be declared disaster areas.
* In 1979, Hurricane Frederic alone caused 1,719,324 (in thousands)
o e 0 f 0 ts X0 o0
CM M o (0
cN co V U V) (D (0D
o , C, C) 0 6, C,
Flood Losses. This table
shows the average annual
losseso f propertyf rom
flood in the United States,
19261975. The US. Water
Resources Council, inpre-paring
the data, concluded
that the escalating flood
damages resultedfrom
continuedd evelopmenitn
floodplains and increases
in the costs of making
needed repairs.
5
391,946
369,381
175,495
501,468
168,615
120,928
175,737
37,454
99,937 1
Flood damage is more
than dollars and cents. It S
affects thousands ofpeople,
causing loss of their homes,
personalp ropertya, nd
often lives.
D)epartmenot f Housinga nd tUrban Development
The AIA calls upon its members to exert leadership
by alerting their clients to federal flood hazard
boundary maps and data as to the human and mate-rial
hazards and the potential environmental im-pacts
of building in riverine floodplains, and by as-sisting
clients in seeking alternative locations for
building projects. However, when construction in
riverine floodplains is undertaken, AlA calls upon its
members to incorporate mitigating measures into
both site development and building designs.
The premise underlying this statement is hasic to this
manual as well: The best way to reduce hazards in flood-prone
areas is to eliminate buildings from them, thus
transforming what would be human disasters into unex-ceptional
natural events. However, such total prohibition
_ENLNFkE WV is no more likely to be achieved than is complete control
Deparunent of Housing aid Urban D)evelopmient of flooding It is inevitable that some buildings will con-tinue
to be located in flood hazard areas. This being the
case, designers of the built environment are compelled to
give consideration to flood hazards and ways to reduce
them.
Purpose of the Manual
It is within this context that the present manual of dc-sign
guidelines for flood damage reduction has evolved.
The purpose of this manual is to assist designers in their
task-in effect to give them the basic information and the
tools necessary to reduce the losses that continue to re-sult
from flooding Specifically the manual tries to meet
this need by answering the following questions:
* What are flooding's inherent characteristics?
* How does flooding relate to the built environment?
* What steps have been taken to mitigate flood damage?
6
* What programs influence development in flood-prone
areas?I
* What essential information is needed to design in
floxd-prone areas?
* What design techniques are available to mitigate flood
damage to the built environment?
* Where can the designer obtain additional information
about flooding?
Organization of the Manual
In answering the above questions, the manual has been
organized into three sections.
The first section, Chapters 2 and 3, provides back-ground
information on flooding to assist the designer in
addressing the problems of designing in flood-prone
areas. Chapter 2, Flooding and the Built Environ-ment,
discusses the natural characteristics of flooding
and the interrelationships between flooding and the built
environment. Chapter 3, Policies, Programs, and Strat-egies
for Flood Damage Reduction, deals with the
evolution and content of government flood-related pro-grams
and outlines general strategies for reducing flood
losses.
The second section deals specifically with design
issues. Chapter 4, Design Analysis for Flood Damage
Reduction, details the range of information that is
needed for pre-design analysis of projects in flood-prone
areas, including a discussion of relevant regulations,
hydrologic data, and physical site characteristics. The final
chaptert Design Techniques for Flood Damage
Reduction, outlines the various techniques that design-ers
can use to mitigate the flood damage pIotelntials identi-fied
in pre-design analysis.
Finally, the third section of the manual is a
Resource Index, which provides additional sources of
information that can be investigated by the designer
when further detail is necessary Included here are litera-ture
references on a wide range of flooding aid develop-ment
issues, as well as listings of key regional contact
points for the variety of government agencies with an in-terest
in flooding and development.
It is hoped that this manual proves to be a frequently
used addition to the designers reference shelf It is in-tended
to mark a beginning towards a more conscious in-clusion
of flooding issues in the routine procedures of
design practice. It beyond that, it helps the designer ac-cept
the challenge of finding creative and effective solu-tions
to the problems of building in flood-prone areas,
then both clients and the community will benefit
7
Chapter 2
flooding & the Built Environment
Building design does not occur in a vacuum Rather, it is
one of the interrelated elements in the larger sphere of
the development process. Likewise, development is but
one component of the environment as a whole An
understanding of these relationships is requisite to
reducing flood damage through design of the built envi-ronment.
Of primary importance is the interdependence of
the respective systems, natural and social. Buildings, as
part of the social system, unavoidably affect and are
affected by flooding, which is part of the natural system.
Design in general, and design to reduce flood damage in
particular, should respect this relationship and seek to
achieve a balance among the various components.
The Natural System
Floods are natural-that fact must be stressed Floods
become a problem only when they coincide with human
9
c_
Evaporation Precipitatio
The hydrologic cycle con-stantly'
circulates water
throughout the earth's en-vironment.
habitation To better understand this problem we look
first at the natural system of which flooding is a part.
Mhe riverine watershed is
a hierarchical drainage The Hydrologic Cycle
system that conveys water Flooding is part of the earth's natural hydrologic cycle.
through the land-based The cycle circulates water through a process of evapora-portion
of the hydrologic tion and transpiration, precipitation, water runoff and
cycle, stream flow This process maintains an overall global bal-ance
between atmospheric moisture and water on the
surface and in the ground Often, however, local imbal-
A Rills ances result in flooding.
C Rvers Flooding results when the flow of water is greater
Rti vers ~\ than the normal carrying capacity of a stream, or where
coastal waters exceed the normal high tide. This raises an
important distinction between riverine and coastal flood-ing;
though both are part of the global hydrologic system,
the respective causes are dissimilar Rivers flood when
water overflows the channel because of excessive water
runoff or blockage of the channel. Coastal flooding results
from high water produced by storm systems or tsunamis
(seismic sea waves).
Riverine Flooding
The magnitude, duration, and frequency of floods are
influenced by a region's natural characteristics. One pri-
10
Riverine systems evolv'e to
form distinct stream chan-nels
andfloodplains. The
/ drawings at left illustrate ~~~tghriasd ualformation,
while the photo at far leqft
shows a well-defined chain
nel andfloodplain.
mary variable is the watershed, which is the natural drain-age
basin that conlveys water runoff in the land-based
portion of the hydrologic cycle. Water that is not absorbed
by the soil and vegetation becomes surface water runoff
seeking the natural drainage lines according to local to-pography
These lines merge to form a hierarchical sys-temn
of streams that includes rills, creekcs, and rivers, each
of successively larger capacity.
Streams have specific physiographic characteristics.
The primary element is the stream channel, which carries
the normal flow of water through the watershed system.
The area of flat or gently sloping land adjacent to the
channel is the floodplain Flooding usually involves a
build-up of water in the channel, followed by overflow of E
excessive quantities of water that inundate the floodplain.
Generally this rise in water surface elevation is quite slow
in large streams and more rapid in smaller ones.
Flooding is part of the natural renewal of the earth'
resources. Overflows play a positive role in the natural
system by replenishing soil moisture and depositing fer-tile
silt from the river channel onto the floodplaine
Flas F flooFdliansgh flooding usually consists of a
quick rise in water surface elevation with abnormally
high water velocity often creating a 'wall' of water mov-ing
down the channel and floodplain. Flash floods usually
1 1
Aerialphotographs
dramatize the potentialfor
flood damage. The picture
on the left shows the nor-malflow
of a river through
an urbanized region. At
right is the same area dur-ing
a flood.
Flash flooding can occur
in small, usually shallow
or dry streams, sudh as ar-royos
in the southwestern
Part of the country.
result from some combination of intense precipitation,
steep slopes, a small drainage basin, and a high propor-tion
of impervious ground surfaces. They are evident in
many parts of the country and often occur in small
streams; that are otherwise shallow or dry, such as arroyos.
Shallow Flooding Shallow flooding of several types
occurs commonly throughout the country. Included in
this category are unconfined flows over broad, relatively
low areas such as alluvial plains;, intermittent flows in arid
or semi-arid regions that have not developed a system of
well-defined channels; minor overbank flows that remain
unconfined; overland flow of runoff in dense urban areas;
and flows where heavy debris deposits cause constantly
shifting channels, such as in alluvial fans. These types of
flooding are also referred to as sheet flow, ponding, shal-low
overflow, and alluvial fan flow. it is very difficult to
determine shallow flooding depths, the extent of such
,, FiTr \:f+:Uf t'% t';,X "D , -t'
12
flooding or the direction of flow, because shallow flood-ing
is not readily analyzed in relation to more serious
channel flooding
Flood Sewrity Flood severity is determined first by
the amount of water runoff to be conveyed through the
watershed Flooding is most likely to occur during times
of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, when the amount of runoff
is higher
Soil characteristics, ground and surface water stor-age,
and vegetation also influence flood levels. Soil per-meability
determines how much surface water can be ab-sorbed
rather than adding to runoff Water runoff that col-lects
in surface depressions will be released gradually
into the ground and atmosphere and not contribute to
flooding. Likewise, ground water that collects in cavities
beneath the earth's surface helps reduce runoff and flood-ing
Finally, vegetation slows the rate of water runoff by
holding moisture on leaves and in roots, and then releas-ing
it to the air th
[Memo from Albert H. Moffitt, Jr., Civil Affairs Division, regarding the Office of Emergency Management]
No full textA memo sent to all Wartime Civil Control Administration staff prohibiting direct contact with the Office of Emergency Management. All contact is to go through a Civilian Administration Officer liason.The War Relocation Authority (WRA), together with the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA), the Civil Affairs Division (CAD) and the Office of the Commanding General (OFG) of the Western Defense Command (WDC) operated together to segregate and house some 110,000 men women and children from 1942 to 1945. The collection contains documents and photographs relating to the establishment and administrative workings of the (WDC), the (WRA) and the (WCCA) for the year 1942
Pediatric preparedness of Lebanese Emergency Departments
No full textBackground: The pediatric preparedness of Lebanese Emergency Departments (EDs) has not been evaluated. Study Objectives: To describe the number, regional location, and characteristics of EDs in Lebanon providing care to children and to describe the staffing, equipment, and support services of these EDs. Methods: We surveyed hospitals in Lebanon caring for children in an ED setting between September 2009 and September 2010. The survey was provided in English and Arabic and could be completed in person, by telephone, or on the Web. Results: We identified 115 EDs that cared for children in Lebanon; 72 (63percent) completed the survey, most of which were urban (54percent). Ninety-three percent of the EDs had 20,000 total patient visits annually; children (variably defined) accounted for 29percent of the patients at 89percent of the sites. Physicians caring for children in the EDs had varied medical training; and a pediatrician was usually involved in the management of pediatric patients in 95percent of the EDs. Only 27percent of EDs had attending physicians present 24 h-day to care for children. Half of the hospitals had an intensive care unit that could care for children (48percent). Most EDs had endotracheal tubes (95percent) and intravenous catheters (90percent) in all pediatric sizes. Conclusion: The emergency care of children in Lebanon is provided at numerous hospitals throughout the country, with a wide range of staffing patterns and available support services. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 2001, PEDIATRICS, V107, P777; Athey J, 2001, PEDIATR EMERG CARE, V17, P170, DOI 10.1097-00006565-200106000-00005; Burt CW, 2006, ADV DATA, V376, P1; Burt CW, 2007, PEDIATR EMERG CARE, V23, P681; Furyk JS, 2009, EMERG MED AUSTRALAS, V21, P414, DOI 10.1111-j.1742-6723.2009.01219.x; Gausche-Hill M, 2007, PEDIATRICS, V120, P1229, DOI 10.1542-peds.2006-3780; Goldman RD, 2011, PEDIATR EMERG CARE, V27, P1208, DOI 10.1097-PEC.0b013e31823ecea3; Hue C, 2011, ARCH PEDIATR, V18, P142; Idro Richard, 2004, Afr Health Sci, V4, P50; Khan ANGA, 2003, PEDIATR EMERG CARE, V19, P181, DOI 10.1097-01.pec.0000081244.98249.27; Lebanese Ministry of Communication, 2007, YELL PAG; Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, STAT B; Mabiala-Babela J R, 2009, Med Trop (Mars), V69, P281; McGillivray D, 2001, ANN EMERG MED, V37, P371, DOI 10.1067-mem.2001.112253; Middleton KR, 2006, ADV DATA, V367, P1; Mintegi S, 2008, PEDIATR EMERG CARE, V24, P359, DOI 10.1097-PEC.0b013e318177a762; Mock C, 2004, GUIDELINES ESSENTIAL; Robison JA, 2012, PEDIATRICS, V130, pE676, DOI 10.1542-peds.2012-00260
Frank Zeidler, Milwaukee, and Cold War Civil Defense
No full textCivil defense in the Cold War encompassed the development of government policies and procedures to evacuate, shelter, and decentralizing American populations and industries in the event of a nuclear war. This project employs a body of primary documents to examine the unacknowledged role of Milwaukee's last Socialist mayor as a trailblazer in the design and implementation of civil defense policy during his tenure from 1948 until 1960. Under the leadership of the Zeidler Administration the city of Milwaukee was an exemplary national model for civil defense planning. Yet despite superior planning, implementation of civil defense in Milwaukee, like elsewhere, suffered both from apathy and the practical impossibility of preparing for nuclear disaster. This research contributes to our understanding of local defense and offers insight into the contemporary politics of municipal government in the metropolitan area of Milwaukee
Methods of enhancing the sustainability and scale of community based disaster risk management
No full textDisasters are always local in their impact, and therefore approaches towards their
alleviation need to be designed and implemented based on this certainty. So this
research is designed to investigate methods of enhancing the development,
sustainability and scale of community based disaster risk management (CBDRM).
This is undertaken with a special focus upon community risk assessment (CRA) and
its relationship with disaster risk reduction (DRR).
Action Research (AR) is the methodological approach adopted to investigate three
primary research objectives:
• To investigate the link between community risk assessment (CRA) and
community based disaster risk management (CBDRM).
• To identify key issues when addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability
within community based disaster risk management (CBDRM).
• To identify challenges in enhancing the sustainability and scale of community
based disaster risk management (CBDRM) through stakeholder partnership.
The AR carried out has three main components:
1. The development and testing of a CRA methodology.
2. The identification of good practice CBDRM.
3. Supplementary semi-structured interviews.
Perspectives on the research objectives are collated from a broad array of
international experiences, but with the primary location of fieldwork in Bihar, India.
Conclusions to the research demonstrate the importance of linking government policy
and practice on DRR with CBDRM, and addressing the underlying causes of
vulnerability. While important in their own right, these subjects have also been
considered in terms of their inter-connectedness with one another. Indeed they are
shown to be mutually reinforcing. However, even more pivotal is the emphasis on
their relationship with CRA. Furthermore, contrary to much practice CRA, engaging
government officials from the outset and incorporating an investigation into the
underlying causes of vulnerability, must not be segregated from action planning but
must be fully synchronised with a CBDRM process
Arizona Division of Emergency Management Search and Rescue Branch Creative Project
No full textabstract: Research was conducted on the topic of Arizona's Department of Emergency Management. Specifically, the research and creative project was centered on the Search and Rescue Branch of the department. The creative project covered the key aspects and elements of Search and Rescue organization, legal considerations, preparation, training, teams, and safety. These different elements heavily impact the Search and Rescue teams of Arizona. The researched information was compiled into a paper and the overall themes were used as inspiration for a series of paintings. The paintings highlight the components that were researched and presented in the written paper
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