218 research outputs found
Matevž Režen pl. Segalla (1665–1722) – od podložniškega otroka s Sorškega polja do zgornjesavskega gospoda
No full textMatevž Režen (1665–1722), a serf’s son from Sorško Polje in Upper Carniola, attained an extraordinary social rise through trade, which had already been something of a traditional family business. He first became a so-called freeholder and then a citizen of Škofja Loka; in 1705 he was elevated to nobility by imperial decree and was, upon purchasing an extensive seigniory of Bela Peč in 1715, granted Carniolan provincial rights and privileges as a new member of the land estates. His social rise also entailed changes in his identity. After he had moved to the urban environment, his trading ties with Italy led him to change his family name into Italian Segalla; the emperor bestowed upon him the predicate von Segalla zum Winklern. The new social position enabled Režen to take as his third wife a young woman from an old Carniolan noble family. He also married his three daughters to noblemen, one of them to a baron. The von Segalla family, whose plebeian origin has until recently been unknown, died out on the male side already in the second generation and passed almost completely into oblivion.Matevž Režen (1665–1722), podložniški otrok s Sorškega polja na Gorenjskem, je s trgovanjem, ki je bilo v njegovi rodbini že tradicionalna dejavnost, dosegel izjemen socialni vzpon. Najprej je postal t. i. deželni svobodnik, nato meščan Škofje Loke, dosegel leta 1705 cesarsko povzdignitev v plemiča, slednjič pa je leta 1715 po nakupu obsežnega zemljiškega gospostva Bela Peč pridobil še pravice kranjskega deželana, člana deželnih stanov. Vzporedno s socialnim vzponom se je spreminjala tudi njegova identiteta. Ob preselitvi v mestno okolje je zaradi trgovskih stikov z Italijo prevedel svoj priimek v italijanskega Segalla in nato kot tak dobil od cesarja predikat pl. Segalla zum Winklern. Nov družbeni položaj mu je omogočal, da si je za tretjo ženo izbral mladenko iz stare kranjske plemiške rodbine. Tudi tri hčerke je poročil s plemiči, eno od njih z baronom. Rodbina pl. Segalla, o katere plebejskem izvoru do nedavnega ni bilo znanega ničesar, je po moški strani izumrla že v drugi generaciji in skoraj povsem potonila v pozabo
Zamia multidentata Calonje, Segalla & R. S. Pimenta 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Zamia multidentata</i> Calonje, Segalla & R.S.Pimenta <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figs. 1–3) <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> —The combination of slender (to 6.2 cm) caulescent stems, strongly serrulate elliptic leaflets with long acuminate tips and a pronounced adaxially raised longitudinal crease, as well as seed strobili with long peduncles (15 cm +) and flat megasporophylls distinguish the new species <i>Zamia multidentata</i> from all other known species in the genus.</p> <p> <b>Type:</b> — BRAZIL. Acre: Mâncio Lima: 220m, 26 Sep 2020, <i>R. Segalla & L.V. Lima SDMR 01</i> (holotype RB!, isotypes UFMT!, INPA!, UFACPZ!).</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> — <i>Stem</i> epigeous, cylindrical, typically solitary, 16–45 × 4.0– 6.2 cm. <i>Cataphylls</i> caducous, triangular to narrowly triangular, 3.7–7.02 cm long and 1.8–2.5 cm wide at base, abaxial surface densely covered with light yellow orange (RHS 158D) felted indumentum. <i>Ptyxis</i> slightly reflexed. <i>Leaves</i> 8–14 per crown, held relatively upright, slightly spreading, 114–152 cm long and 35.1–44.9 cm wide. <i>Petiole</i> 35–83 cm long and 10.7–21.7 mm thick, with abruptly swollen base to 35.79 mm wide, moderately to strongly armed with prickles 1.7–5.0 mm long., petiole and rachis densely covered with grey (RHS N189D) pubescent indumentum on new leaves, gradually shedding it to reveal medium yellow green (RHS 159D) to dark brown (RHS N200A) epidermis on older leaves. <i>Rachis</i> 43.0– 78.5 cm long, lightly armed with prickles mostly in the proximal fourth, with occasional solitary prickles occurring beyond. <i>Leaflets</i> 10–26, papyraceous to chartaceous, oppositely to sub-oppositely arranged, articulate insertion on rachis 2.9– 4.4 mm wide, spaced to 2.0 to 5.5 cm apart at leaf center, ovate to elliptic with long acuminate apex, distinctly raised longitudinal crease, margins strongly serrulate beyond proximal fourth with 30–49 teeth, median section traversed by 36–47 parallel veins, light green (RHS 138D) on new leaf flushes, at maturity turning medium brown green (RHS 136C) to light green (RHS 145B) adaxially, light green abaxially (RHS 135D), basal leaflets 10.0–21.0 cm × 3.0–7.0 cm, median leaflets 18.2–21.7 cm × 4.3–9.3 cm, apical leaflets 13.5–20.0 cm × 5.0– 8.3 cm. <i>Eophylls</i> 13–17 cm long, petiole 12–16 cm long, rachis 0.6–1.0 cm long bearing 4 leaflets. <i>Eophyll leaflets</i> oval to ovate with long acuminate apices, margins strongly serrulate in the distal half, the basal leaflets 7.2–8.0 × 3.5–3.6 cm, the apical leaflets 7.0–7.8 × 2.6–2.7 cm. <i>Pollen strobili</i> 1–5 per stem apex, fertile portion conical-cylindrical, at pollen shedding stage 8.2–8.3 × 1.4–1.5 cm, covered with medium brown (RHS 173C) to grey brown (RHS N199C) felted indumentum, strobilus apex acute 3.0–6.0 mm long and 4.7–5.3 mm wide at base, peduncle 8.8–9.1 × 0.7–0.8 cm, densely covered with light yellow (RHS 163D) tomentose indumentum, strobilar axis glabrous. <i>Microsporophylls</i> spirally arranged in 7–8 orthostichies of 14–16 fertile sporophylls each, median sporophylls 4.9–5.2 × 5.0– 5.2 mm. <i>Microsporophyll shield</i> a distinctly extruded hexagonal prism covered with dark yellow orange (RHS 173C) to grey brown (RHS N199C) felted indumentum, 2.1–2.5 mm tall and encompassing 2/5 to 1/2 of sporophyll length, 3.6–4.6 × 2.2–2.5 mm at the base, the distal face distinctly indented and slightly reduced to approximately ¾ the size of the base. <i>Fertile portion of microsporophyll</i> with adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial side lightly covered with grey-brown (RHS 199B) pubescent indumentum and patches of strong orange red (RHS 169A) pubescent indumentum restricted to the areas immediately surrounding individual microsporangia. <i>Microsporangia</i> present only on the abaxial side of the microsporophyll, slightly ovate, 1.1–1.2 × 0.9–1.0 mm, typically aggregated into a single group of 13–17 sporangia, but occasionally separated into two distinct marginal groups of 6–8 sporangia each. <i>Ovulate strobili</i> one per stem apex, fertile portion cylindrical, at maturity 16.2–18.0 × 4.7–5.6 cm, with acute apex 12–13 mm long and 84–99 mm wide at base, covered with dark brown purple (RHS N186C) felted indumentum on newly emerging strobili turning orange brown (RHS 172C) to medium brown (RHS 172A) at maturity; peduncle 15–19 × 1.2–1.4 cm, covered with purple grey (RHS 201C) indumentum when newly emerging, at maturity indumentum persisting in medium yellow brown (RHS 164B) patches or shedding to reveal grey brown glabrous epidermis (RHS 199A). <i>Megasporophylls</i> spirally arranged in 6–9 orthostichies of 6–10 sporophylls each, 20 × 10 mm, megasporophyll shield not extruded but relatively flat, 1.8–3.0 mm thick, 20–21 mm wide, and 14–17 mm tall, the distal facet shallowly indented, narrow and elongated and encompassing approximately 1/13th to 1/16 th of the area of the base. <i>Seeds</i> ovoid-pyramidal, sarcotesta medium red (RHS 44A) to orange red (RHS 32A) at maturity, 17.4–18.6 × 9.0–11.0 mm, sclerotesta ovoid, glabrous, light yellowbrown (RHS 161C), 13.0–16.4 × 8.6–9.8 mm.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> From the Latin <i>multi</i> (‘many’) and <i>dentatus</i> (‘toothed’), referring to the numerous teeth found along the margins of the leaflets of this species.</p> <p> <b>Habitat, geology and soils:</b> — <i>Zamia multidentata</i> occurs in the upper Juruá River basin (Daly <i>et al.</i> 2016) within the “Southwest Amazon Moist forests Ecoregion”, a region of high endemism and species richness in vascular plants (Olson <i>et al.</i> 2001). To date it has been only been observed within a vegetation type officially classified in Brazil as “Open Alluvial Ombrophilous Forest with Palms” (IBGE 2012), where it occurs on the alluvial soils of the Moa river floodplain adjacent to the Serra do Divisor, an isolated mountain range in the southwestern Amazon characterized by fiercely dissected peaks and ridges rising out of the surrounding lowland rainforest (Salisbury <i>et al.</i> 2013). The soils originated from Holocene sediments and have a high content of fine sands resulting from the erosion of Cretaceous sandstone from the Serra do Divisor (Mendonça <i>et al.</i> 2020). The soils are lower in organic carbon but richer in nutrients than those from the Serra do Divisor, are high in Al 3 + and have a mixed mineralogy with 2:1 clays, hydroxyl-Al interlayered smectite, and kaolinite (Mendonça <i>et al.</i>, 2020).</p> <p> <b>Climate:</b> —The region of the Serra do Divisor mountainous complex is inserted in a transitional climatic band between the Humid and the Super-humid (relative humidity index close to 100) with rainfall (2,500 to 2,750 mm per year) frequent throughout the year, since even during the driest months (June to September) the totals are usually greater than 60 mm (Associaç„o SOS Amazônia 1998). In the other months of the year, totals greater than 180 mm predominate, and over 300 mm in the months of November to April (Associaç„o SOS Amazônia 1998). The mean annual air temperature is 25.0° C, with a mean minimum daily temperature of 20.8° C in the coldest month, and a mean maximum daily temperature of 28.6° C in the warmest month.</p> <p> <b>Ecology:</b> —The species was rare in the surveyed area, with scattered individuals occurring in the forest understory, usually on flat to gentle slopes.Accordingly, very few seedlings or juvenile plants were observed. As this species to our knowledge has not been studied or collected before, little is known its population dynamics, reproductive phenology, or the plant-animal interactions affecting it. Although most South American species of <i>Zamia</i> are pollinated by beetles in the genus <i>Pharaxonotha</i> Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) (Segalla <i>et al.</i> 2021, Tang <i>et al.</i> 2018), the pollination agents for this species remain unknown. Similarly, the seed dispersal agents are not known, and no evidence of herbivory by caterpillars of the genus <i>Eumaeus</i> (Segalla & Morellato 2019) was observed in habitat. Strobili emerge from April to June, with the reproductive period when the seed strobili become receptive and the pollen strobili become dehiscent occurring from May through June. Pollinated ovulate strobili mature for approximately one year after pollination, with seed dehiscence occurring from May to July the year following cone emergence. New leaves are produced from October through December.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and conservation status:</b> —The Sierra do Divisor’s ridge divides Brazil’s Jurua river basin from Peru’s Ucayali basin and serves as the international boundary between the two countries (Salisbury <i>et al.</i>, 2013). On the Brazilian side of the boundary lies the Serra do Divisor National Park, and on the Peruvian side its transboundary sister reserve, the Sierra del Divisor National Park. The adjacent transnational parks are part one of the largest contiguous blocks of protected areas in the Amazon, but despite their protected status, the region is threatened by anthropogenic activities including agriculture, hunting and subsistence fishing, tourism, and plant extraction for timber, charcoal, firewood, and horticulture (Associaç„o SOS Amazônia 1998; Daly <i>et al.</i> 2016; Esteves & Luz 2019). The location surveyed in this study, selected as the type locality, is protected within the Serra do Divisor National Park (SDNP), whereas the other known locality occurs outside of the park boundaries in an area that has been actively deforested in the last 40 years and where habitat transformation and deforestation continue unabated. The two known locations of <i>Zamia multidentata</i> are approximately 30 km away from each other within the Moa river floodplain at an elevational range of 200– 220 m. The species was infrequent within the SDNP location visited, and local field guides reported being aware of past extraction of wild plants in the region for horticultural purposes. Although no Peruvian collections are currently known, the species occurs approximately 20 km from the Peruvian border, so its distribution range may possibly extend into this country as well. Based on the two known locations for this species, the continuing decline in habitat quantity/quality in at least one of these locations, the reported threat to the species from commercial extraction for horticulture, and the small Extent of Occurrence (25 sq. km) and Area of Occupancy (8 sq. km), we recommend a listing of this species by the IUCN as Endangered based on criteria B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2(i) (sensu IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p> <p> <b>Morphological affinities:</b> — <i>Zamia multidentata</i> shares some morphological similarities with the Amazonian species <i>Z. urep</i> and <i>Z. hymenophyllidia,</i> including elliptic leaflets with long acuminate tips as well as ovulate strobili with long peduncles. <i>Z. multidentata</i> most closely resembles <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i>, with which it shares the presence of a pronounced adaxially raised longitudinal crease on the leaflets, and slender (less than 7 cm wide) caulescent stems. Whether these morphological affinities correspond to a close phylogenetic relationship is currently unknown. While all species of <i>Zamia</i> from the Amazon basin phylogenetically evaluated to date appear to belong to the same clade, the fine-scale relationships between the constituent species in this clade remain unresolved and their resolution will require the use of new high-throughput sequencing technologies (Calonje <i>et al.</i>, 2019). Nevertheless, as within the Amazon basin these three species are the most likely to be confused morphologically, we hereafter discuss the morphological differences and similarities between them in order to aid in their identification.</p> <p> The three species can be readily distinguished by their leaflet morphology alone (Fig. 4), as they vary in their dentation, number and prominence of leaflet veins, and the presence or absence of an adaxially raised longitudinal crease (Table 1). <i>Zamia multidentata</i> leaflets have a larger number of veins and teeth than the other two species. The presence of an adaxially raised longitudinal crease is present in both <i>Z. multidentata</i> and <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i>, but absent in <i>Z. urep</i> which has relatively flat leaflets. The veins are extremely prominent on the adaxial leaflet surface of <i>Z. urep</i>, less so in <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i> (though highly prominent in dried specimens), and not prominent in <i>Z. multidentata</i>. The color of newly emerging and expanding leaflets is green in both <i>Z. multidentata</i> and <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i>, and medium yellow brown (RHS 163A) in <i>Z. urep</i>.</p> <p> <i>Zamia multidentata</i> and <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i> have caulescent trunks whereas <i>Z. urep</i> is acaulescent. In addition to differences in vegetative characters, <i>Z. multidentata</i> has microsporophylls typically bearing more microsporangia (12–17) than either <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i> (10–12) or <i>Z. urep</i> (9–10) (Table 1). Finally, although the three species are endemic to the Amazon basin, their geographic ranges do not overlap and are separated by hundreds of kilometers from each other (Fig. 5).</p> <p> Most Amazonian <i>Zamia</i> species have subterranean stems, and prior to this description, the massive species <i>Z. poeppigiana</i>, with its stems reaching 3 m tall and 30 cm in diameter (Calonje <i>et al.</i>, 2011), was considered the only truly arborescent species. Our field surveys documented that an arborescent habit is also widespread in <i>Zamia multidentata</i>, albeit it produces much shorter and more slender stems reaching up to 45 cm tall and 6.2 cm in diameter. Furthermore, we report that <i>Zamia hymenophyllidia</i>, previously considered a subterranean-stemmed species (Stevenson, 2001), is an arborescent species producing similarly slender stems to <i>Z. multidentata</i>. Although most plants observed in our survey for this species in Leticia (Amazonas, Colombia) were acaulescent, we did observe a small number of plants in habitat with short slender stems up to 12 cm tall and 4 cm wide, and specimens report stems for this species up to 40 cm tall (<i>Barona 5044</i> [COAH!]) and 7 cm in diameter (<i>Bernal et al. 2545</i> [COL!]). The slender (7 cm or less) caulescent stems produced by <i>Z. multidentata</i> and <i>Z. hymenophyllidia</i> are unusual in the genus, as most arborescent species have considerably thicker stems typically exceeding 8 cm at maturity. The extremely slender stems of these two species are perhaps only comparable to those of younger plants of <i>Z. obliqua</i> Braun (1875: 376) which at maturity can have stems from 6.5 to 15 cm in diameter.</p>Published as part of <i>Segalla, Rosane, Pimenta, Ricardo Soares & Calonje, Michael, 2023, Zamia multidentata (Cycadales, Zamiaceae), a new arborescent species of Zamia from Acre, Brazil, pp. 21-31 in Phytotaxa 598 (1)</i> on pages 22-28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7958730">http://zenodo.org/record/7958730</a>
‘Come a casa mia’: pratiche alimentari, intersezioni identitarie e attraversamenti urbani nell'esperienza dell'immigrazione
No full textThis contribution highlights how food-related cultural constructions and representations can become central elements in the experiences that migrant women and men make in the context of their daily life as a place to “feel at home” or, on the contrary, as space of exacerbation of the experience of exile. This is the result of a wider research, conducted with qualitative and ethnographic methods in the Northern neighbourhood of the City of Padua and deepen the ways in which such representations and constructions can acquire different meanings on the basis of social, biographical, family, migratory, generational and gender placements of the social actors. Food and food-related narratives, in fact, can be constituted as a embedded identity practice or element of generational conflict, space of comfort or terrain of a clash, form of symbolic resistance or symbol of social downward mobility and degradation
Corpi al lavoro, lavoro sui corpi. Lavoro salariato e ricongiungimento familiare nella diaspora bangladese in Italia
No full textIDENTIFICATION OF NEW HUMAN REPLICATION ORIGINS
No full textBackground
Transmission of genetic information from one cell generation to the next requires the accurate duplication of the genome. Replication initiation is a well-conserved process determined in all eukaryotes by the binding of the pre-Replication Complex (ORC and MCM proteins) to replication origins[1]. Despite the early success in budding yeast S.cearevisiae replication origins mapping, in mammals only few origins have been identified, because no consensus sequences have been found and epigenetic seem to be important for their selection[2].
Objectives
To study if and how genetic and epigenetic features can determine origin activity and how this process might be linked to gene expression, the identification and characterization of DNA sequences that serve as replication origins in mammals is crucial.
Results & Discussion
We have developed a novel strategy to identify human replication origins based on ultracentrifugation in equilibrium density gradient of sheared cross-linked chromatin[3]. Our results show that known replication origins are enriched in high-density fractions, containing naked DNA. We then probed tiled oligonucleotide microarrays (Nimblegene Technology) containing the human genomic DNA from chromosome 19 with origin-rich naked DNA and with DNA purified from ChIP assays with antibodies directed against proteins of the pre-RC complex. The combined analysis of these two hybridizations allowed the identification of about 30 candidate replication origins. With an independent assay we confirmed that 80% of these regions are newly identified replication origins.
Conclusions
We found an excellent tool for high-throughput identification of human DNA replication origins, very useful for their characterization.
References
1. Bell, S. and A. Dutta, DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Annual Review Biochemistry, 2002. 71: p. 333-74.
2. Cook, P., The organization of replication and transcription. Science, 1999. 284.
3. Schwartz, Y., T. Kahn, and V. Pirrotta, Characteristic low density and shear sensitvityof cross-linked chromatin containing polycomb complexes. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2005. 25(1): p. 432-439
Associazione Biblica Italiana, Quaerere Deum. Scritti di A. Bonora, S. Cipriani, E. Cortese, G. Crocetti, R. Fabris, F. Festorazzi, P. Grech, G. Leonardi, N.M. Loss, B. Maggioni, C. Marcheselli, S. Migliasso, G. Odasso, L. Pacomio, R. Penna, G.L. Prato, B. Prête, G. Segalla, 1980
No full textBogaert Pierre-Maurice. Associazione Biblica Italiana, Quaerere Deum. Scritti di A. Bonora, S. Cipriani, E. Cortese, G. Crocetti, R. Fabris, F. Festorazzi, P. Grech, G. Leonardi, N.M. Loss, B. Maggioni, C. Marcheselli, S. Migliasso, G. Odasso, L. Pacomio, R. Penna, G.L. Prato, B. Prête, G. Segalla, 1980. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 13ᵉ année, fasc. 1, 1982. pp. 98-99
Retinoic acid receptor a fusion to PML affects its transcriptional and chromatin-remodeling properties
No full textRetinoic acid receptor alpha fusion to PML affects its transcriptional and chromatin-remodeling properties
No full textPML-RAR is an oncogenic transcription factor forming in acute promyelocytic leukemias (APL) because of a chromosomal translocation. Without its ligand, retinoic acid (RA), PML-RAR functions as a constitutive transcriptional repressor, abnormally associating with the corepressor-histone deacetylase complex and blocking hematopoietic differentiation. In the presence of pharmacological concentrations of RA, PML-RAR activates transcription and stimulates differentiation. Even though it has been suggested that chromatin alteration is important for APL onset, the PML-RAR effect on chromatin of target promoters has not been investigated. Taking advantage of the Xenopus oocyte system, we compared the wild-type transcription factor RARalpha with PML-RAR as both transcriptional regulators and chromatin structure modifiers. Without RA, we found that PML-RAR is a more potent transcriptional repressor that does not require the cofactor RXR and produces a closed chromatin configuration. Surprisingly, repression by PML-RAR occurs through a further pathway that is independent of nucleosome deposition and histone deacetylation. In the presence of RA, PML-RAR is a less efficient transcriptional activator that is unable to modify the DNA nucleoprotein structure. We propose that PML-RAR, aside from its ability to recruit aberrant quantities of histone deacetylase complexes, has acquired additional repressive mechanisms and lost important activating functions; the comprehension of these mechanisms might reveal novel targets for antileukemic intervention
Characterization of a plant glutamate receptor activity
No full textBioinformatic approaches have allowed the identification of twenty genes, grouped into three subfamilies, encoding for homologues of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLRs) in the Arabidopsis thaliana model plant. Indirect evidence suggests that plant iGLRs function as non-selective cation channels. In the present work we provide biochemical and electrophysiological evidences for the chloroplast localization of glutamate receptor(s) of family 3 (iGLR3) in spinach. A specific antibody, recognizing putative receptors of family 3 locates iGLR3 to the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. In planar lipid bilayer experiments, purified inner envelope vesicles from spinach display a cation-selective electrophysiological activity which is inhibited by DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), considered to act as an inhibitor on both animal and plant iGLRs. These results identify for the first time the intracellular localization of plant glutamate receptor(s) and a DNQX-sensitive, glutamate-gated activity at single channel level in native membrane with properties compatible with those predicted for plant glutamate receptors
Is carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians more dangerous than in younger patients ?
No full textAIM:
The risk for developing stroke increases with the advancing age, peaking over age 80. In elderly patients, carotid endarterectomy may provide prophylaxis against stroke. Aim of our study was to compare patients 80 years or older with patients younger than 80 undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Endpoints were perioperative mortality and morbidity.
METHODS:
From January 1996 to December 2002, 1 659 patients underwent a 1 733 carotid endarterectomy for a symptomatic or asymptomatic significant carotid lesion. Among them, 125 patients were 80 years or older. We analyzed death and stroke rate from cerebrovascular accidents, TIA as well as non cerebrovascular complications and death rate postoperatively and in the long term follow-up. The Pearson's chi-squared(2) test was used for the statistical analysis on risk factors, morbidity and mortality. The Log rank test was used for cumulative stroke-free and survival rates between the 2 groups (level of confidence p<0.05).
RESULTS:
Risk factors were similar in both groups. No statistical difference was observed in the stroke, TIA, mortality and stroke free rates between the 2 groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of our study show that perioperative and postoperative mortality and morbidity as well as the long-term stroke-free rate does not differ significantly in patients 80 years or older compared to patients younger than 80 undergoing carotid endarterectomy
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