14,309 research outputs found
Return on Investment in Public Relations: A critical assessment of concepts used by practitioners from the perspectives of communication and management sciences
No full textReturn on Investment (ROI) is a term commonly and non-specifically used by public relations practitioners when discussing the value to be created from communication activities. It mimics business language, particularly from business administration and financial management, but does not figure widely in academic discourse (Watson, 2005).
Although the Institute for Public Relations [now CIPR] undertook a review of ROI practice in the United Kingdom (IPR/CDF 2004) and Likely, Rockland & Weiner (2006) proposed variations of ROI as alternatives to the discredited Advertising Value Equivalence (AVEs) measure of value creation, there has been little discussion other than Macnamara (2007) and Gregory and Watson (2008).
This paper gives an overview on the views of ROI in public relations literature and concepts used by agencies and providers of measurement services. It reports on survey research amongst practitioners in several European countries on identifying the economic value of public relations. The findings are compared with the concepts of ROI used in business and accounting literature (Weber and Schäffer, 2006; Drury, 2007).
Applied theory and parameters for the development of measurement and evaluation techniques are proposed. The paper concludes that the use of the term ROI in public relations needs a proper foundation in overriding management theory; otherwise PR theory and practice will discredit themselves
An initial investigation on the use of ‘Return on Investment” in public relations practice
No full text‘Return on Investment’ (ROI) is usually defined in management literature as a measure of financial effectiveness that is concerned with the returns on capital employed in business (profit-making) activities. In public relations practitioner parlance, however, ROI appears to be used in a much looser form to indicate the results of activity. This mixed method research using an online survey instrument investigated practitioner understanding of the term, primarily in the UK. These findings resulted: 1) Two-thirds of PR practitioners use the term ROI when planning and evaluating communication activity; 2) ROIs related to communication objectives (66.7%) are more widely used than financial-related ROIs (12.8%); 3) There is a clear difference in ROI practices between consultants/freelances and in-house colleagues. Nearly three-quarters of consultants and freelances (73.1%) offer an ROI formula to clients but only 26.3% of in-house practitioners have one; and 4) On the oft-discussed question of an industry-wide ROI formula, only 35.6% supported the proposition with 64.4% opposed. However, the survey also found that practitioner concepts of ROI are very narrowly expressed, mainly in relation to media outputs
Mélanges historiques, XIVe-XVIIIe siècles.XIVe-XVIIIe s.
No full textLion, Jacques. Manuscrit(s) provenant de luiContient : Liste de travaux à exécuter au château de Bracon (Jura) par Hugues Legrant, de Salins, maître des œuvres de la comté de Bourgogne 28 mars 1356 ; Bracon (Jura). Château ; Legrant, Hugues, maître des œuvres du comté de Bourgogne. Document(s) le concernant ; Christine de Pisan. Fragment V du Livre de la mutacion de Fortune. Éd. Suzanne Solente, Paris, Picard, t. IV, 1966, p. 97-99 (Société des Anciens textes français) ; Mandement de Charles, duc d'Orléans, à son trésorier général, Pierre Renier, pour le paiement de la somme de trente écus pour la rançon de Jehan Masse. Donné au siège d'Arras 18 août 1414 ; Gaules, Le sire de, conseiller de Charles d'Orléans. Document(s) le concernant (1414) ; Orléans, Charles, duc d', fils de Louis d'Orléans. Mandement(s) ; Renier, Pierre, trésorier de Charles d'Orléans. Mandement(s) à lui adressé (1414) ; Lettre de Charles de Navarre, prince de Viane et duc de Gandia, au roi Henri VI d'Angleterre, Pampelune, 15 octobre 1443 ; Charles IV, roi de Navarre, prince de Viane. Lettre(s) ; Henri VI, roi d'Angleterre. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Carnet des dépenses faites pour l'éducation d'Isabelle et Jeanne de Guiramand, filles de Catherine de Forbin, élevées en l'abbaye de Sainte-Praxède d'Avignon 1469-1472 ; Avignon. Abbaye de Sainte-Praxède ; Guiramand, Isabelle et Jeanne. Document les concernant ; Mandement de Charles IX, roi de France, aux trésoriers de sa maison, pour faire payer à Jean Durantel une somme de deux cents livres tournois, Melun, 1er décembre 1568 ; Charles IX, roi de France. Lettre(s) ; Durantel, Jean, chantre de Charles IX. Document(s) le concernant ; Testament olographe d'Antoine, baron de Gourdon, marquis de Cènevière 5 février 1615 ; Lettre de Françoise de Longuejoue, baronne de Monglat, à Jean Phelipeaux, sieur de Villesavin, secrétaire des finances de Marie de Médicis ; Monglat, Françoise de Longuejoue, Baronne de, gouvernante de Louis XIII. Lettre(s) ; Villesavin, Jean Phélipeaux, sieur de. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Lettre de Charles de Valois, comte d'Auvergne et duc d'Angoulême, au roi Louis XIII [1627] ; Angoulême, Charles de Valois, duc d', fils naturel de Charles IX. Lettre(s) ; Louis XIII, roi de France. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Lettres de Claude Saumaise ; Saumaise, Claude. Lettre(s) ; Lettre de [Jacques?] Esprit, Paris, 8 septembre 1640 ; Copie d'un fragment de l'Histoire de Charles VII par Denys Godefroy, Paris, 1661 ; Chevalier, Estienne, seigneur du Vigneau, conseiller de Charles VII et de Louis XI. Document(s) le concernant ; Rapport, de la main du comte de Bussy-Rabutin, relatif à l'accouchement clandestin de sa fille Louise-Françoise 1682 ; Bussy-Rabutin, Louise-Françoise de, Marquise de Coligny, puis Mme de La Rivière. Document(s) la concernant ; Bussy-Rabutin, Roger de Rabutin, dit le comte de. Rapport ; La Rivière, Louise-Françoise de Bussy-Rabutin, Mme Henri-François de. Document(s) la concernant ; Lettre du R. P. Étienne-Auguste Souciet, S. J., au P. Jacques Lelong, oratorien ; Le Long, Le P. Jacques, de l'Oratoire. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Souciet, Le P. Augustin-Étienne, S.J. Lettre(s)Numérisation effectuée à partir d'un document original
Correspondance. Suite Des Lettres De Monsieur D'Alembert Au Roi
No full textEs gibt Druckvarianten, hier: S. 11, letzte Zeile, letztes Wort "prends", ohne NormNicht identisch mit VD18 90632729: dort endet S. 11 mit: "... Mr. Béguelin, je". - Nicht identisch mit VD18 90632737: dort endet S. 11 mit "... je prends" und Norm "Tome XV."Enthält außerdem: Lettres de Monsieur de Fontanelle au roi (S. [237] - 244). Lettres de Monsieur Rollin au roi (S. [245] - 260). Lettres du marquis de Condorcet au roi (S. [261] - 284)Schlüsselseiten aus dem Ex. der FB Gotha: Poes 8° 00942/10 (15)Angebl. Hrsg. lt. in BN-Opale plus, GV 1700-1910, Bd. 42, S. 112f. u.a.: Jean Charles Thibault de La Veaux. Die Angabe ist vermutlich falschSignaturformel: π(=A8?) A8(-A8) B-R8 S8(S7,8 unbedruckt) [$5(-A5) bezeichnet]Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: A Berlin, Chez Voss Et Fils Et Decker Et Fils. 1788
Usages du Net et mémoire(s) électronique(s) : le point de vue confédéral de la CGT Entretien avec Danièle Garnier et Arnaud Le Roi
No full textGarnier Danièle, Le Roi Arnaud. Usages du Net et mémoire(s) électronique(s) : le point de vue confédéral de la CGT Entretien avec Danièle Garnier et Arnaud Le Roi. In: Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°79, 2005. Internet et mouvements sociaux : nouvelles pratiques militantes, nouvelles sources pour l'histoire. pp. 43-46
Les inscriptions du roi hittite "hartapu(s)"
No full textUne série d'inscriptions louvites ont été découvertes en Anatolie méridionale au cours du XXe siècle, et attribuées à un roi hittite dont les dates de règnes ont été largement débattues. La lecture de son nom est aussi problématique. Nous proposons une éventuelle nouvelle lecture et étymologie par le hittite
Reference centile curves for screening body mass index and body postural stability in football players aged 8-18 years
No full textIntroduction and purpose: Since birth, children grow up in terms of height and body weight, and subsequently in terms of the maturation of the nervous, endocrine, muscular, and cardiovascular systems. These adaptations lead to alterations in neuromuscular performances (3). The increase of body mass index (BMI) can cause a reduction in the postural stability and then increase the risk of falls, particularly when combined with low muscular mass which can generate biomechanical failure of muscular responses and loss of stability mechanisms (2). The aim of this study was to analyse the body mass index (BMI) and body postural stability (BPS) in football players across childhood and adolescence, thus developing reference centile curves, and to investigate their relationship.
Methods: 512 males from 8 to 18 years were recruited from Italian football teams. It was performed a cross-sectional study. BMI was calculated measuring height and weight [body mass (kg) / height (m2)]. BPS were taken by means of a Libra seesaw balance board. Reference centile curves were created by lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. To assess the difference among ages, Kruskal Wallis test was performed. The correlation between BMI and BPS was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient controlled by age (partial correlation). In addition, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effect of age and BMI on BPS, and the effect of age and BPS on BMI. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient or Sperman Rho were performed in order to detect the correlation between BMI and BPS in each age group. The assumption of normal data distribution was verified by Shapiro-Wilks’ Normality test.
Results: Significant improvement in BMI (χ2(1,10)=106.383, p0.251, p<0.05) except for football players of 11, 14, and 15 years old.
Conclusion: The football players increase BMI and improve their BPS during the growth. The reference centile curves provided in this study could help trainers to assess the levels of their football players. Previous studies found that the accumulation of fat tissue can reduce postural stability and contribute towards falls (1). Accordingly, we found a direct relationship between BPS and BMI across childhood and adolescence. The lower is the BMI, the better is the body postural stability during the growth, because high BMI demands more neuromuscular control to maintain postural stability (1). However, our results showed improvements on BMI and BPS were mostly affected by the body development during growth and barely affected by their relationship. A greater limitation of this investigation is that this study have a cross sectional design. Future longitudinal study is needed to better investigate this topic.
References
1. Greve, J., Alonso, A., Bordini, A.C.P.G., & Camanho, G.L.. Correlation between Body Mass Index and Postural Balance. Clinics 62, 717–20 (2007).
2. Maffiuletti, N.A., Agosti, F., Proietti, M., Riva, D., Resnik, M., Lafortuna, C.L., & Sartorio, A. Postural Instability of Extremely Obese Individuals Improves after a Body Weight Reduction Program Entailing Specific Balance Training. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 28, 2–7 (2005).
3. Roemmich, J. N. & Rogol, A. D. Physiology of growth and development. Its relationship to performance in the young athlete. Clinics in Sports Medicine 14, 483–502 (1995)
The Use of Return on Investment (ROI) in the Performance Measurement and Evaluation of Information Systems
No full textPerformance measurement and program evaluation are essential for accountable and transparent delivery of public services to Ontarians. Evaluation of the existing information systems and making investment decisions on new acquisitions should be based on a rigorous and quantifiable analysis of the benefits and costs. Return on Investment (ROI) is arguably one of the most popular metrics, and ROI analysis (when applied correctly) is a powerful tool in making informed decisions. This presentation explores a wide variety of the approaches to calculating ROI of an information management system. Attendees will find practical answers to the questions: What is ROI? What types of ROI exist? What are the benefits of using ROI metrics? What are the limitations of the ROI approach? In this session, several concrete examples of the application of the ROI will be reviewed. Although the focus of the presentation is made on the information systems/solutions, most considerations of ROI use are generic and applicable in any field
Manuale per l'allenamento dello sportivo trapiantato d'organo
No full textIl manuale per l'allenamento dello sportivo trapiantato d'organo nasce come guida per tutti i portatori di trapianto di organo che desiderano praticare attività sportiva.
L'importanza dell'allenamento, le sue fasi costituenti sono da subito delineate nella parte introduttiva, per poi passare all'organizzazione di un programma di allenamento specifico per ogni sport.
Le schede che accompagnano le varie discipline sportive riportano gli esercizi più idonei per una corretta esecuzione del percorso allenante, dando indicazioni chiare e di immediata comprensione.
L'opera si propone infatti di offrire un supporto allo sportivo trapiantato d'organo su come impostare l'allenamento nello specifico sport al fine di migliorare le proprie prestazioni e la propria condizione fisica ottimizzando l'organizzazione di un programma sportivo associato a un miglioramento della qualità della vita
Simple and complex reaction time at visual stimulation, before and after a rehabilitation after acl surgery in football players
No full textAgility and coordination are two of the main attributes required to become a successful player. In this work, we conducted the assessment of a new devices aimed at improving the end phases of a rehabilitation after acl surgery. We demonstrated the device is more suitable for complex reaction times assessment
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