1,721,016 research outputs found
Rush de oro
No full textEl 25 de febrero de 1603, recién llegado al Estrecho de Malaca desde el Océano Índico, el almirante holandés Heemskerck notó que en la desembocadura del río Singapur había un gran barco portugués al fondo: era la Santa Catarina, un buque mercante de mil quinientas toneladas con unos quinientos hombres y cien mujeres a bordo que regresaban de Japón y con un botín excepcionalmente rico. El almirante la atrapó.
Este episodio aparentemente insignificante desencadenó un verdadero incidente diplomático entre las potencias ibéricas y las Provincias Unidas, cuestionando la legitimidad del derecho a la presa e incluso solicitando un debate sobre los perfiles internacionalistas de la ley de navegación. Los que reaccionaron fueron los menonitas que, en nombre de su creencia religiosa, expresaron el desdén inmediato por un acto considerado injusto y violento, aunque tuvo el mayor beneficio económico que la Compañía de las Indias orientales había retratado de una operación comercial. Algunos de ellos, meramente para fines de demostración, dieron a los pobres las acciones del 200% de interés.
Tal posición cruzó las fronteras nacionales y solicitó una disquisición académica sobre los derechos de navegación y comercio, desvelando los fundamentos ideológicos de un enfrentamiento entre las distintas potencias europeas. El pontífice acababa de pronunciarse sobre la libertad de los mares y la división del mundo entre dos esferas de influencia (Ea quae pro bono pacis,1505), pero la cuestión estaba lejos por ser resuelta. Y así fue como un joven abogado de poco más de veinte años, Hugo de Groot, representante de los intereses de la V.O.C., defendiendo ante en el Tribunal del Almirantazgo los intereses de la Compañía de las Indias, desencadenó con su proprio alegato, De iure praedae, la que se recuerda como la mayor batalla de libro
Itinerari europei a favore della risoluzione del contratto by notice: una prospettiva storico comparativa
No full textIl contratto può essere visto come un veicolo commerciale da utilizzare nel campo del business. In questa prospettiva il creditore insoddisfatto di fronte dell’inadempimento del debitore avverte l’esigenza di liberarsi il più velocemente possibile dal contratto inadempiuto per rivolgersi nuovamente al mercato e trovare una sostituzione della prestazione rimasta inadempiuta. Conseguentemente liberarsi dal vincolo deve essere un procedimento relativamente semplice, che non richieda né l’intervento del giudice, né la necessaria concessione di termini di “grazia”, ma che possa avvenire by notice ossia su semplice comunicazione del creditore insoddisfatto. Sebbene tale forma di risoluzione sia il modello da tempo utilizzato in alcuni sistemi giuridici europei, come quello inglese o quello tedesco, non è l’unico. Infatti, nel sistema francese, l’art. 1184 del codice civile dispone che la risoluzione del contratto inadempiuto debba essere dichiarata ope judicis, mentre il sistema italiano opta per una soluzione intermedia tra il sistema tedesco e quello francese, prevedendo sia la risoluzione ope iudicis, sia quella by notice. Tuttavia, proprio alla luce dell’evoluzione della giurisprudenza francese e di alcuni progetti di soft law europei, sembra che in Europa si possa registrare un trend verso il modello anglo-tedesco della risoluzione by notice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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