1,153 research outputs found
Heterometallic Copper–Vanadium Compounds: Crystal Structures of Polymers [Cu(im)4(V2O4(mand)2)]n and [Cu(im)4(V2O4((S)-mand)2)]n·2nH2O (im = imidazole, mand = mandelato2−)
No full textTwo new 1D polymeric heterometallic copper–vanadium compounds were prepared. The polymers are constructed from [Cu(im)4]2+ cations that are coordinated to two terminal oxido ligands of [V2O4(mand)2]2− anions. The stronger coordination in [Cu(im)4V2O4(mand)2]n (1) that contains the racemic mandelato ligand is manifested by a shorter Cu‒O bond distance 2.4095(12) Å, while the weaker interaction in [Cu(im)4(V2O4((S)-mand)2)]n·2nH2O (2) is exhibited by Cu‒O bond distances 2.4547(16) Å and 2.5413(16) Å. The vanadate anion in compound 2 carries only the (S)-enantiomer of the initial mandelic acid and differs from the anion in 1 in parallel cis orientation of the phenyl groups of the mandelato ligand. FT-IR spectroscopy was used for the confirmation of the coordination mode of mandelato ligand. Strong bands corresponding to the vibrations of carboxyl groups can be observed around 1650 and at 1344 cm−1. The stretching vibration of deprotonated hydroxyl group in the mandelato ligand occurs at 1045 and 1065 cm−1 for 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, the very strong, characteristic band corresponding to ν(V=O) vibration can be observed at 931 cm−1 for 1 and 925 cm−1 for 2, as well as in Raman spectrum.© The Author(s) 201
Učinak poučavanja roditelja primjenom mand-modela na socijalne vještine djece s poremećajem iz spektra autizma
No full textThe need for family-centered and evidence-based interventions to support communication and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasing. This study examined the effect of the instruction parents received from the researcher on their ability to implement the mand model correctly and effectively. In addition, the implications of parents' mand-model teaching on the social skills of children with ASD were evaluated. Furthermore, the intervention's social validity was assessed through individual interviews with the parents and through social comparisons with typically developing peers. Four parent-child pairs participated in the study, and a multiple-probe design was used in accordance with single-subject research methods. The research findings show that parents learned the mand-model instruction through the coaching, maintained these skills after the intervention and generalized them to new situations. Data from the children revealed that the mand-model instruction provided by the parents positively affected children’s social skills. The children continued to use the skills they acquired after the study ended and were able to generalize them to different situations.Potreba za obiteljski usmjerenim i na dokazima utemeljenim intervencijama za poticanje komunikacijskih i socijalnih vještina kod djece s poremećajem iz spektra autizma (PSA) sve je veća. U ovoj je studiji istraživač je ispitivao i učinak poučavanja roditelja na njihovu sposobnost da ispravno i učinkovito provode mand-model. Osim toga, procijenjene su implikacije poučavanja roditelja mand-modelom na socijalne vještine djece s PSA-om. Nadalje, društvena valjanost intervencije procijenjena je putem individualnih intervjua s roditeljima i putem društvenih usporedbi s vršnjacima tipičnoga razvoja. U studiji je sudjelovalo četiri para roditelj-dijete, a korišten je nacrt s višestrukim početnim stanjima ispitivanjem u skladu s metodama istraživanja s jednim subjektom. Istraživački nalazi pokazuju da su roditelji naučili roditeljsko poučavanje mand-modelom uz mentorstvo istraživača, zadržali te vještine nakon intervencije i generalizirali ih na nove situacije. Podatci o djeci otkrili su da je roditeljsko poučavanje mand-modelom koje su provodili roditelji pozitivno utjecalo na njihove socijalne vještine. Djeca su nastavila koristiti vještine koje su stekla nakon završetka studije i bila su ih u stanju primijeniti na različite situacije
Effects on resurgence of multiple and single mand training
No full textResurgence is the recurrence of previously reinforced responding when current responding is no longer reinforced (e.g., Epstein, 1983/1985; Lieving et al., 2004). Clinicians should be concerned about resurgence of challenging behavior, especially when reinforcement of alternative behavior is the primary treatment for challenging behavior. The current study examined effects of multiple-mand training vs. single-mand training on the resurgence of a nonvocal response with one 21-year-old man with autism. In the multiple-mand condition, the nonvocal response and three alternative vocal responses were sequentially established and then extinguished. In the single-mand condition, the nonvocal response and one of the alternative vocal responses were again established and then extinguished. Each of these conditions was presented twice. Resurgence (in this case, the time to the 20th non-vocal response) occurred more quickly following single-mand training (98 and 143 s) than multiple-mand training (546 and 282 s). Additionally, the magnitude of resurgence was greater following single-mand training (6.4 and 5.3 responses per min) than multiple-mand (3.1 and 2.8 per min). Based on the longer latency to and smaller magnitude of resurgence of the nonvocal response following multiple-mand training, we discuss the possibility that reinforcing multiple socially appropriate members of a given response class during reinforcement of alternative behavior may improve treatment outcomes in the face of procedural integrity degradation
Facilitating a functional use of requesting of a child with mental retardation: in a case under errand condition
No full textIn this study, it was attempted to facilitate a functional use of vocal requesting
of a child with mental retardation under errand situation. Errand situation was
defined that a trainer (director) asked to the children to take a certain object from
another trainer (supplier). And the functional use of requesting was also defined
that the child emitted a rejecting response such as “ That ’s not it ” when the
supplier offered a incorrect object to the child’s response. Results showed that the
child could be able to use vocal responses as mand just after the intensive training
where the child ’s errand behavior was reinforced by a object, instead of verbal
praise and edible, that the child handed to the director. The results were discussed
in terms of the stimulus value of the director’s request (discriminative stimulus).departmental bulletin pape
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Transfer of Mand-to-Tact and Tact-to-Mand Topographies in Two Vocal-Verbal Children with Autism: A Replication and Extension Study
No full textSkinner (1957) suggested that different verbal operants are acquired independently of each other and establishing a verbal operant as a mand will not necessarily result in the appearance of a tact having the same response form and vice versa. Recent empirical research has found that newly acquired mands and tacts can be transferred to different relations without direct training. The present study investigated 1) how verbal responses taught as pure mands affect untrained tact relations; 2) how verbal responses taught as pure tacts affect untrained mand relations; 3) how the size of mand and tact repertoires relate to speed of acquisition of new mands and tacts; and 4) how size of entering repertoires affect the transfer of mand topographies to tacts and vice versa. Two vocal-verbal children with autism were taught three novel responses as mands and three other responses as tacts. Mand topographies transferred to tact relations and tact topographies transferred to mand relations for both participants. Overall acquisition as well as transfer of mands and tacts was faster for the participant with a higher entering repertoire
Iteration of order preserving subhomogeneous maps on a cone
No full textWe investigate the iterative behaviour of continuous order preserving subhomogeneous maps , where is a polyhedral cone in a finite dimensional vector space. We show that each bounded orbit of converges to a periodic orbit and, moreover, the period of each periodic point of is bounded by where is the number of facets of the polyhedral cone. By constructing examples on the standard positive cone in , we show that the upper bound is asymptotically sharp
Micromorphologic assessment of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and conventional diamond tips and their cutting effectiveness
No full textThe aim of this study was to compare the micromorphology of CVD diamond tips coupled to ultrasound with conventional high speed diamond tips after cavity preparations, and to measure the width and depth of the cavities obtained. Two hundred bovine teeth were divided into 20 subgroups. Each of the diamond tips (10 CVD and 10 conventional) were used to prepare 10 standardized cavities, using an apparatus that controlled the time (t: 27 s), speed (5.3 mm/s) and load (0.012 KGF) of the tip against the teeth during preparation. The unused and the used (after one, five and 10 preparations) tips were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy. The images were randomly assessed by 3 examiners with regard to the presence or absence of micromorphologic alterations. Cavity measurements were made after visualization under a stereoscopic microscope. Cavity widths and depths were analyzed by the ANOVA Factorial test (p < 0.05). The CVD diamond tips presented less wear than the conventional tips after all the cavity preparations performed, but produced shallower cavities that were equivalent in width to those made by conventional tips after the fifth preparation. CVD diamond tips may be suggested as an alternative to conventional diamond tips due to their conservative preparation and greater longevity.Dent Res Ctr Sao Leopoldo Mand, Campinas, SP, BrazilUNESP, Dent Sch Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, BrazilSch Dent, Campinas, SP, BrazilUNESP, Dent Sch Araraquara, Pediat Clin Dept, Araraquara, SP, BrazilFac Odontol, Dept Odontol Restauradora Dent, BR-13045 Campinas, SP, BrazilCtr Pesquisas Odontol Sao Leopoldo Mand, BR-13045 Campinas, SP, BrazilUNESP, Dent Sch Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, BrazilUNESP, Dent Sch Araraquara, Pediat Clin Dept, Araraquara, SP, Brazi
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Effects of lag schedules on vocal mand variability and challenging behavior during functional communication training
No full textReinforcing multiple mand topographies or modalities during functional communication training (FCT) may increase the persistence of manding during challenges to treatment. However, validated procedures that reinforce the use of multiple mand topographies during FCT are lacking. Prior research demonstrated that FCT with a lag schedule of reinforcement reduced challenging behavior and increased non-vocal mand variability across modalities in individuals with autism. This finding suggests similar procedures may have similar effects on challenging behavior and vocal and/or sign manding. Also, studies have shown that lag schedules following response prompting and/or prompt fading can increase variability in vocalizations, tacts, and intraverbals. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of response prompting procedures and a lag schedule of reinforcement on topographical mand variability and challenging behavior during FCT. The results suggest that lag schedules can reinforce topographical mand variability during FCT following the fading or elimination of response prompts. This finding warrants study of the effects of these procedures on the resurgence of manding and challenging behavior following treatment with FCT in children with autism. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are discussed.Special Educatio
Van den Heuvel H, Mand P, Heim S, Hummers-Pradier E. Views of German general practitioners on the clinical indicators of the British Quality and Outcomes Framework: a qualitative study. Qual Prim Care 2010; 18: 85-92
No full textAssessing Mand Topography Preference When Developing a Functional Communication Training Intervention
No full text Functional communication training (FCT) is a common function-based behavioral intervention used to decrease problem behavior by teaching an alternative communication response. Therapists often arbitrarily select the topography of the alternative response, which may influence long-term effectiveness of the intervention. Assessing individual mand topography preference may increase treatment effectiveness and promote self-determination in the development of interventions. This study sought to reduce arbitrary selection of FCT mand topography by determining preference during response training and acquisition for two adults with autism who had no functional communication skills. Both participants demonstrated a clear preference for one mand topography during choice probes, and the preferred topography was then reinforced during FCT to reduce problem behavior and increase independent communication. The implications of the results for future research on mand selection during FCT are discussed. </jats:p
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