1,305 research outputs found
Where has all the education gone?
No full textCross-national data on economic growth rates show that increases in educational capital resulting from improvements in the educational attainment of the labor force have had no positive impact on the growth rate of output per worker. In fact, contends the author, the estimated impact of growth of human capital on conventional nonregression growth accounting measures of total factor productivity is large, strongly significant, and negative. Needless to say, this at least appears to contradict the current conventional wisdom in development circles about education's importance for growth. After establishing that this negative result about the education-growth linkage is robust, credible, and consistent with previous literature, the author explores three possible explanations that reconcile the abundant evidence about wage gains from schooling for individuals with the lack of schooling impact on aggregate growth: 1) that schooling creates no human capital. Schooling may not actually raise cognitive skills or productivity but schooling may nevertheless raise the private wage because to employers it signals a positive characteristic like ambition or innate ability; 2) that the marginal returns toeducation are falling rapidly where demand for educated labor is stagnant. Expanding the supply of educated labor where there is stagnant demand for it causes the rate of return to education to fall rapidly, particularly where the sluggish demand is due to limited adoption of innovations; and 3) that the institutional environments in many countries have been sufficiently perverse that the human capital accumulated has been applied to activities that served to reduce economic growth. In other words, possibly education does raise productivity, and there is demand for this more productive educated labor, but demand for educated labor comes from individually remunerative but socially wasteful or counterproductive activities - a bloated bureaucracy, for example, or overmanned state enterprises in countries where the government is the employer of last resort - so that while individuals'wages go up with education, output stagnates, or even falls.Capital Markets and Capital Flows,Economic Theory&Research,Decentralization,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Achieving Shared Growth,Governance Indicators,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Growth
Wealthier is healthier
No full textWith cross-country, time series data on health (infant and child mortality, and life expectancy) and per capita income, the authors estimate the effect of income on health. They use instrumental variables estimation to identify the effect of income on health that is structural and causal, isolated from reverse causation (healthier workers are more productive and hence wealthier) or incidental association (some other factor may cause both better health and greater wealth). The long-run income elasticity of infant and child mortality in developing countries lies between 0.2 and 0.4. Using those estimates, they calculate that in 1990 alone, more than half a million child deaths in the developing world could be attributed to poor economic performance in the 1980s.Health Economics&Finance,Inequality,Economic Theory&Research,Governance Indicators,Health Monitoring&Evaluation
De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst: Beschrijving van het leven en werk van de Dordtse landmeter Mattheus van Nispen (circa 1628 - 1717)
No full textIn 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst' wordt een beschrijving gegeven van het even en het werk van de Dordtse landmeter Mattheus van Nispen, die leefde van circa 1628 tot 1717. Aan de hand van deze levensbeschrijving en werkmethoden van deze prominente landmeter wordt op originele wijze inzicht gegeven in de historie van de landmeetkunde en kartografie in de zeventiende eeuw. Van Nispen was werkzaam in de wijde omgeving van Dordrecht. Hij heeft ondermeer in 1681 een kaart in druk doen verschijnen van de Alblasserwaard en de Vijfheerenlanden. Tevens verscheen al in 1662 een boekje, juist als deze uitgave 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst', geheten, waarin hij zijn kennis op dit terrein heeft vastgelegd. Door de auteur is met behulp van de zogenaamde Hollandse Cirkel, een hoekmeetinstrument uit de zeventiende eeuw, de nauwkeurigheid van de meetkundige grondslag van deze kaart onderzocht. De beschrijving van dit onderzoek en de resultaten hiervan zijn in deze uitgave opgenomen. Deze uitgave 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst' is niet alleen van belang voor geïnteresseerden in de geschiedenis van de Alblasserwaard, de Vijfheerenlanden en in de omliggende gemeenten, maar juist ook voor alle belangstellenden in de historie van de landmeetkunde en de kartografie. Ir. Th.W. Harmsen studeerde Nederlandse Geodesie aan de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen en behaalde aan de Technische Hogeschool te Delft het diploma geodetisch ingenieur. Hij was vele jaren werkzaam als landmeter in overheidsdienst, en later als wetenschappelijk hoofdmedewerker aan de Technische Hogeschool te Delft.Delft University of Technolog
Novel LanT associated lantibiotic clusters identified by genome database mining.
No full textBACKGROUND: Frequent use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Lantibiotic compounds are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides against which bacteria are not able to produce resistance, hence making them a good alternative to antibiotics. Nisin is the oldest and the most widely used lantibiotic, in food preservation, without having developed any significant resistance against it. Having their antimicrobial potential and a limited number, there is a need to identify novel lantibiotics. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS: Identification of novel lantibiotic biosynthetic clusters from an ever increasing database of bacterial genomes, can provide a major lead in this direction. In order to achieve this, a strategy was adopted to identify novel lantibiotic biosynthetic clusters by screening the sequenced genomes for LanT homolog, which is a conserved lantibiotic transporter specific to type IB clusters. This strategy resulted in identification of 54 bacterial strains containing the LanT homologs, which are not the known lantibiotic producers. Of these, 24 strains were subjected to a detailed bioinformatic analysis to identify genes encoding for precursor peptides, modification enzyme, immunity and quorum sensing proteins. Eight clusters having two LanM determinants, similar to haloduracin and lichenicidin were identified, along with 13 clusters having a single LanM determinant as in mersacidin biosynthetic cluster. Besides these, orphan LanT homologs were also identified which might be associated with novel bacteriocins, encoded somewhere else in the genome. Three identified gene clusters had a C39 domain containing LanT transporter, associated with the LanBC proteins and double glycine type precursor peptides, the only known example of such a cluster is that of salivaricin. CONCLUSION: This study led to the identification of 8 novel putative two-component lantibiotic clusters along with 13 having a single LanM and 3 with LanBC genes. Putative lantibiotic clusters identified here hold the potential for the discovery of novel lantibiotic(s)
So uk Sava 'tan 2000'li y llara Ba lant s zlar Hareketi ve Avrasyac l k
No full textII. Dünya Sava sonras iki kutuplu bir sistem ortaya ç km t r. deolojik olarak komünizm ve kapitalizm biçiminde gerçekle en bu bölünme, Rusya ve ABD öncülü ünde Do u-Bat tan mlamas yla ayr m t r. Ard ndan ya anan Ulusal Kurtulu Hareketleri ve sömürgecili in süreç içerisinde ortadan kalkmas , birçok yeni devletin do u unu sa lam t r. Siyasal ba ms zl klar n kazanan bu ülkeler, tekrar sömürge durumuna dü memek için, iki tarafa da mesafeli davranm ve dengeli bir ili ki kurmaya çal m t r. Bu ülkeler tek ba lar na etki edemediklerini anlad klar nda, birlikte hareket etmeye ba lam ve üçüncü bir grup olu turup özellikle Birle mi Milletler içerisinde etkili olmu tur. Üçüncü Dünya ülkeleri bar içinde birlikte ya ama dü üncesiyle hareket ederek silahlanmaya kar ç km , sorunlar n müzakere yöntemiyle çözmeye çal m t r. Bununla birlikte bu ülkeler, geli memi /azgeli mi kategorisi içerisinde yer alm t r. Geçmi te sömürge durumuna dü ürülmeleri birçok yer alt -yer üstü kaynaklar ndan mahrum kalmalar na yol açm t r. Do u Bloku ülkeleri, bu ülkelerin kalk nmas konusunda olumlu bir çaba gösterirken; Bat Bloku bu ülkeleri sömürmenin yollar n aramaya devam etmi tir. Üçüncü Dünya ülkeleri ise; milliyetçi, ba ms zl k konusunda hassas, anti-emperyalist ve anti-kapitalist kalk nma yollar aram t r. Bu gerekçelerle, bir k sm da milliyetçili i sosyalizmle e de er görmü tür. Ba lant s zlar Hareketi de Üçüncü Dünya ülkelerinin bir arada hareket etme ihtiyac hissetmelerinden do mu tur. Günümüzde Ba lant s zlar Hareketi varl n sürdürmekle beraber, So uk Sava sonras dönemde önemini ve etkisini kaybetmi tir. Son konferans 14-15 Haziran 2019 tarihinde Azerbaycan' n ba kenti Bakü'de toplanm t r. Avrasyac l k ise; Sovyetler Birli i'nin da lmas ve So uk Sava ' n bitmesiyle birlikte Rusya'n n eski Sovyet co rafyas nda nüfuzunu korumak, bölgede olu abilecek bo lu a ABD'nin s zmas n önlemek ve Rusya'y tekrar eski gücüne kavu turmak amac yla Yeni Avrasyac l k olarak gündeme gelmi tir. Aleksandr Dugin'in bak aç s yla Avrasyac l k; anti küreselle meci olup, içerisindeki baz otoriter bölgelerin birtak m özerklikleri olmas na ra men, Rusya merkezli demokratik bir imparatorluk olarak tan mlanm t r. Avrasyac l k ile ba lant s zl k aras nda önemli farkl l klar göze çarpmaktad r. En temel farkl l k olarak unu söyleyebiliriz: Ba lant s zlar Hareketi yatay olarak örgütlenmi ve e it egemen devletlerin bir araya gelmesiyle olu turulmu ken; Avrasyac l k, dikey bir örgütlenme sunmu ve Rusya merkezli bir yap ortaya ç karm t r. Ba lant s z ülkeler içeride egemenliklerini, d ar da ba ms zl klar n korumu tur. Ancak Avrasyac modelde önemli oranda egemenlik ve ba ms zl k merkezî devlete devredilmi tir. Dolay s yla çok kutuplu bir sistem öngörmeleri gibi, baz benzerlikleri olsa da farkl l klar daha fazlad r. Bu sebeple aralar nda öncelik-sonral k ya da devaml l k eklinde bir ili ki öne sürmek do ru de ildir
Divergence: Big Time
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LaNt α31 overexpression reduces proliferation rates.
No full textMCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells, either left untreated, treated with 20 ng mL-1 nocodazole, or transduced with increasing doses of eGFP (+eGFP) or LAMA3LN1-eGFP (+LaNt α31-eGFP) adenoviral particles, were cultured for 96 h following transduction and replating. (A) Immunoblots from total cell lysates for MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells taken after 24 h were probed with antibodies against eGFP, with ponceau S total protein-stained membrane shown below. (B) Hoechst 33342 was added to the culture media, and the cell nuclei imaged after 20 min. Each dot represents an experimental repeat consisting of the mean of 3 fields of view per well for 3 technical replicates.</p
Evaluación de la aplicabilidad de la técnica LANT (Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) en la osteosíntesis de fracturas del radio distal (FRD)
No full textPara evaluar la aplicabilidad de la técnica LANT (Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) en la osteosíntesis de fracturas del radio distal (FRD), se diseñó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado que comparó los resultados a corto plazo entre pacientes tratados con anestesia local sin isquemia (LANT) y aquellos operados con anestesia locorregional (AR) y manguito de isquemia. Las principales variables del estudio fueron el dolor, la tumefacción y la satisfacción del paciente. También se analizaron el sangrado de la herida quirúrgica, la movilidad, la dificultad técnica percibida por el cirujano, la insuficiencia anestésica y las complicaciones
Birth Satisfaction Units (BSU): Measuring Cross-National Differences in Human Well-Being
No full textWhile everyone agrees that GDP per capita is an inadequate measure of a country’s overall “development” it is difficult to specify what, if anything, should take its place as a useful single summary number (or even just ranking). The Human Development Index is a prominent alternative which moves towards the notion of a more comprehensive measure of human wellbeing, but suffers many limitations in the limits of the domains it covers (only adding mortality and education) and in how those domains are assessed (only averages). I propose that a useful conceptual device is to imagine that individuals were ranking the countries they were to be born into, not knowing what position in that country they would occupy (e.g. male or female, rich or poor). The result could be a cardinal ranking of country of birth satisfaction units, how strongly someone would prefer to be born into country X versus country Y. While this thought experiment obviously does not of itself resolve any of the key issues, it can provide a framework for reasoning about how people would produce such a ranking: the domains of well being they would assess as important and how they would assess the distribution of well-being in those domains (e.g. would they care about the average, levels of absolute deprivation, inequalities).Human Development, Poverty, Vulnerability
Tariff rates, tariff revenue, and tariff reform : some new facts
No full textThe ad valorem tariff rateson specific products and the ratio of tariff revenue to import value, the collected rate, are only tenuously related, contend the authors. Using tariff and revenue data (at the tariff code line level of detail) for three developing countries, the authors compare the statutory ad valorem tariff rates (official rates) with the ratio of tariff revenues to import values (collected rates). They document four facts: (1) the collected rate for any given item of the tariff code has almost no relationship to the official rate for that item; (2) the variation of collected rates around the official rate increases as the level of the official rate increases; (3) the collected rates increase much less, on average, than one-for-one with the official rates; and (4) above a certain level, collected rates do not increase at all despite increases in official rates. Collection rates appear to level off at roughly 50 percent. (In Kenya, collected rates are lower for high-tariff than for moderate-tariff items. Assigning lower rates for the high-tariff items would actually increase revenue on those items.) The implications of these findings are twofold for calculating general revenue. The rates are not the critical determinant of revenues. The revenue implications of large rate changes can be offset by modest changes in the system of exemptions, for example. The benefit of eliminating exemptions is primarily transparency. The costs of programs that provide import exemptions for, say, regional promotion, are often hidden in customs statistics. Secondly, if pressures that cause collected rates not to increase one-for-one with tariff rates will continue to be present in any tariff regime, then these must be factored into tariff reform design.TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade and Regional Integration,Economic Theory&Research
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