39 research outputs found
Design and Devolopment of Small Capacity Millet Polisher
No full textThis Dissertation / Report is the outcome of investigation carried out by the creator(s) / author(s) at the department/division of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore mentioned below in this page
The Recapitulate Analysis of Image Mining Techniques Applications and Challenges Associated
No full textAbstract S3-01: IMENEO: International MEta-analysis of circulating tumor cell detection in early breast cancer patients treated by NEOadjuvant chemotherapy
No full textAbstract
Background
We performed an international meta-analysis of individual patient data to assess the clinical validity of circulating tumor cell (CTC) count in non-metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients (pts) treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT).
Methods
A protocol pre-specified the study objectives. We performed a literature & abstracts search up to Dec 2014, then contacted all centers deemed to have eligible data (published or not): early BC pts treated with NCT with CTC count by CellSearch®. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary endpoints included distant disease-free survival (DDFS), locoregional relapse-free interval (LRFI) and pathological complete response (pCR). Non-overlapping CTC time points were: baseline (5-0 weeks before NCT), 1-8 weeks after NCT start, 5-0 weeks before surgery and 1-52 weeks after surgery. We used Cox regression models, stratified by study, and the landmark method to establish the prognostic value of CTC count/changes during treatment and survival.
Results
We collected 2,156 individual pt data from 21 studies and 16 centers worldwide.
With ≥1/≥2/≥5 CTC/7.5ml as thresholds, CTC positivity rate was 25/13/6% at baseline, 17/6/3% after NCT start, 15/5/1% before surgery and 11/4/1% after surgery (decrease, p<0.0001). Before NCT, ≥1 CTC was found in 19%, 22%, 24%, 29% and 41% of cT1, T2, T3, T4a-c and T4d BC, respectively (p<0.0001) and was also marginally associated with hormone-receptors negativity (p=0.04). Later CTC detection rates were not associated with any of the baseline characteristics. pCR (assessed in 2,072 pts; ypT0/isN0 used as pCR definition in 92% of pts) was observed in 24% of pts but was not associated with CTC count, at any time point.
301, 418 and 157 events were reported for OS, DDFS and LRFI, respectively. In univariate analyses, ≥1 CTC at baseline was a prognostic factor for OS (HR=2.6 [1.9-3.4], p<0.0001), DDFS (HR=2.4 [1.9-3.1], p<0.0001) and -importantly- for LRFI (HR=1.8 [1.2-2.7], p=0.001). Similar results were obtained using other thresholds (≥2 & ≥5 CTC) and/or later time points (after NCT start, before surgery). There was no interaction between the prognostic impact of CTC count and tumor subtypes. Although rare, pts with persistently elevated CTC count (≥1CTC) before NCT and before surgery (5% of pts) had a worse OS than patients with persistently null CTC count (HR=6.2 [3.4-11], p<0.0001).
Finally, in multivariate analyses, baseline CTC detection (whatever the CTC threshold used : ≥1/≥2/≥5 CTC) was an independent prognostic factor for OS, DDFS and LRFI, together with pCR, cT, cN and tumor subtype, (e.g. for OS: CTC≥2 HR=4.2 [3.0-5.9] p<0.0001, No pCR HR=6.2 [3.7-11] p<0.0001, cT4d HR=2.6 [1.1-6.6] p=0.02, cN+ HR=1.7 [1.2-2.4] p=0.003, triple negative BC HR=3.2 [2.1-5.1]). Similar results were obtained with later time points (after NCT start, before surgery).
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates with the highest level of evidence that CTCs are a prognostic biomarker in early BC treated by NCT. This impact was independent to that of pCR and was observed on OS, DDFS and also -for the first time- on LRFI. CTC count can usefully complement standard prognostic factors and pCR to improve the prognostication of early BC pts.
Citation Format: Bidard F-C, Michiels S, Mueller V, Riethdorf S, Esserman LJ, Lucci A, Naume B, Horiguchi J, Gisbert-Criado R, Sleijfer S, Toi M, Garcia-Saenz JA, Hartkopf A, Generali D, Rothe F, Smerage J, Muinelo L, Stebbing J, Viens P, Magbanua M, Hall CS, Engebråtenm O, Takata D, Vidal-Martínez J, Onstenk W, Fujisawa N, Diaz-Rubio E, Taran F-A, Cappelletti MR, Ignatiadis M, Name N, Proudhon C, Wolf D, Bowman Bauldry J, Borgen E, Nagaoka R, Carañana V, Kraan J, Maestro M, Brucker SY, Weber K, Reyal F, Amara D, Gopalkrishna Karhade M, Ruud Mathiesen R, Tokiniwa H, Llombart-Cussac A, D'Hollander K, Cottu P, Park JW, Loibl S, Pierga J-Y, Pantel K. IMENEO: International MEta-analysis of circulating tumor cell detection in early breast cancer patients treated by NEOadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S3-01.</jats:p
A comparative study on flotation of coal using eco-friendly single reagent and conventional dual-reagent system
No full textThe continuous depletion of low ash coals and raising demand of clean coal due to increase in consumption in various sectors such as iron and steel industries, the washing of high ash coal has become inevitable. Froth flotation is one of the beneficiation methods in coal washing that exploits the surface hydrophobicity difference between coal, that is naturally hydrophobic, and its associated ash forming minerals that are commonly hydrophilic in nature. This natural hydrophobicity of coal surface acts as an advantage in reducing the ash content of coal by flotation as it is a surface-phenomenon based separation technique. In this study, a coking coal with 25.75% ash was subjected to beneficiation by flotation at two different size fractions of 100% passing 0.5mm and 0.25mm. The flotation studies on these two size fractions was studied using commercially used collector and frother. A newly developed reagent, Collector AB, synthesized from natural percussor was used as as coal collector. The collectors AB is environmentally non-hazardous and safe to use in coal washeries unlike most commercial coal collectors and hydrocarbon oils that are being used at large scale. The process optimization of the flotation reagents was studied at two different size fractions of the coal sample and the flotation efficacy was found to be comparable. Hence, this developed reagent would be alternative to commercially available flotation reagents and other hydrocarbon oils presently being used for coal flotation
A comparative study on flotation of coal using eco-friendly single reagent and conventional dual-reagent system
No full textThe continuous depletion of low ash coals and raising demand of clean coal due to increase in consumption in various sectors such as iron and steel industries, the washing of high ash coal has become inevitable. Froth flotation is one of the beneficiation methods in coal washing that exploits the surface hydrophobicity difference between coal, that is naturally hydrophobic, and its associated ash forming minerals that are commonly hydrophilic in nature. This natural hydrophobicity of coal surface acts as an advantage in reducing the ash content of coal by flotation as it is a surface-phenomenon based separation technique. In this study, a coking coal with 25.75% ash was subjected to beneficiation by flotation at two different size fractions of 100% passing 0.5mm and 0.25mm. The flotation studies on these two size fractions was studied using commercially used collector and frother. A newly developed reagent, Collector AB, synthesized from natural percussor was used as as coal collector. The collectors AB is environmentally non-hazardous and safe to use in coal washeries unlike most commercial coal collectors and hydrocarbon oils that are being used at large scale. The process optimization of the flotation reagents was studied at two different size fractions of the coal sample and the flotation efficacy was found to be comparable. Hence, this developed reagent would be alternative to commercially available flotation reagents and other hydrocarbon oils presently being used for coal flotation
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in cancer of the urinary bladder by in situ hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the prevalence of "high risk" human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: The study included 10 biopsy specimens from male patients of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder for the detection of HPV DNA sequences. Specimens were collected from the Urology Clinic of the K.G. Medical College Hospital, Lucknow, India. Detection of HPV DNA was carried out by tissue in situ hybridisation (a single copy gene localisation method) using 3H-labelled HPV DNA probe and also by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques using primers to HPV 16 upstream regulatory region (URR). RESULTS--Out of 10 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, "high risk" HPV 16 DNA was detected only in one (10%) by using in situ hybridisation whereas two cases (20%) were found to be positive by polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the rare occurrence of HPV in bladder carcinoma may not have a causal relation with the viral infection
Aradhya Pati & Bajantri & Hegde 2023, gen. nov.
No full text<i>Aradhya</i> gen. nov. <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>Aradhya placida</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, by present designation; gender feminine.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Carapace transversely ovate, broader than long (CW/CL = 1.2–1.3), strongly inflated, deep (CH / CW = 0.6–0.7); dorsal surface generally smooth, glabrous, strongly arched; anterolateral margins cristate, lacking distinct serrations; front strongly deflexed, with narrow anterior margin (FW/CW = 0.25); frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; epigastric and postorbital cristae poorly developed; external orbital angle indistinct; epibranchial tooth very low; branchial regions strongly inflated; cervical grooves relatively shallow, not reaching level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with distinct, triangular medial lobe and strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 2A, B, 3A, C, E, 4A–C). First, second maxillipeds each with long flagellum on exopod (Fig. 5A). TME lacking flagellum or with relatively short flagellum, reaching about half width of merus (Figs. 3G, 4D, 5B). Chelipeds relatively smooth, unequal in adult males (Figs. 2A, C, 3A–F) and subequal in adult females (Fig. 4A, C). Ambulatory legs slender, long; dactylus (P2–P5) recurved, longer than propodus, distal chitinous part very short or reduced (Figs. 2A, C, 3A–F, 4A–C). Male s2/s3 cristate, not reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 deep, broad, reaching edge of sternum (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5C). Male pleonal locking mechanism with low tubercles on submedial part of s5 (Fig. 5C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching anteriorly to level of mid-length of cheliped coxae (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5C). Male pleon relatively narrow, triangular; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively narrow (proximal width ca. 1.3× medial length), shorter than telson, with gently concave lateral margins (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A). Male telson narrow, elongated (medial length ca. 1.3–1.4× proximal width), with gently concave lateral margins (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A). G1 relatively stout, long, tip reaching pleonal locking structure <i>in situ</i>; flexible zone small; ultimate article relatively stout, conical, relatively short, ca. 0.3× length of penultimate article, gently curved outwards at angle of ca. 15° from longitudinal axis, tip broad, tubular, dorsal flap absent; penultimate article relatively stout, outer margin strongly convex, shelf-like at basal half, inner margin characteristically convex distally (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B–E). G2 distinctly shorter than G1, ca. 0.6× length of G1; ultimate article very short, ca. 0.2× length of penultimate article (Figs. 3I, 5F, 6F). Female pleon and telson ovate in outline; pleonal somite 6 subequal in length to telson; telson subtriangular, with broad, straight apex (Fig. 4E). Female pleopods 2–5 endopods slender and longer than exopods; pleopods 3–5 exopods conspicuously stouter than endopods (Fig. 4F). Vulvae on s6 close to each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.1), opening inwards, subovate, large, touching s5/s6 (Fig. 4G).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The genus is named after Miss Aaradhya Bajantri, the only daughter of the second author of the present paper. “ Aradhya ” also means “the first one” in Sanskrit. Crabs of this new genus are the first ones among the Indian gecarcinucid crabs observed to be non-aggressive and quite calm. Gender: feminine.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Among the Indian gecarcinucid genera, <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> most closely resembles <i>Arcithelphusa</i>, <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i>, <i>Rajathelphusa</i>, and <i>Pavizham</i>, because all possess an ovate, relatively narrow (CW/CL = 1.2– 1.4) and deep carapace (CH /CW = 0.5–0.7), with a narrow front (FW/CW = 0.25) and an incomplete frontal median triangle (Figs. 2A, B, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, B, D, E; Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5A, B; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11a, b, 13a, b; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, B, 7A, C; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 3A, C, 8A, C). <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is nevertheless distinguished from <i>Arcithelphusa</i>, <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i>, <i>Rajathelphusa</i>, and <i>Pavizham</i> mainly by its narrow and elongated male telson, the medial length ca. 1.3–1.4 times the proximal width (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A) (vs. male telson relatively broader and shorter, the medial length ca. 0.9–1.1 times the proximal width; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2C, F; Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11h, 13h; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3D, 7E; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 4A, 9C), the relatively stouter ultimate article of the G1 (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B–E) (vs. G1 ultimate article relatively slender; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3E, F, J, O; Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 4A–C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 12a–c, 14a–c; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: fig. 9B–D, F–H; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 5C–E, 10A–C), and the characteristically convex distal inner margin of the penultimate article of the G1 (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, C) (vs. G1 penultimate article with an almost straight distal inner margin; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3E, F, J, O; Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 4A, C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 12a, b, 13a, b; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: fig. 9B, D, F, H; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 5C, E, 10A, C).</p> <p> <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is morphologically closer to <i>Arcithelphusa</i> than any other Indian genera of gecarcinucid crabs as both genera share several features in common, including a strongly arched and generally smooth dorsal surface of the carapace (Figs. 2A, B, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, B, D, E), the absence of distinct serrations on the anterolateral margins of the carapace (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, D), the poorly developed epigastric and postorbital cristae (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, D), an indistinct external orbital angle (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, D), the relatively shallow and short cervical grooves (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A, D), the absence of a flagellum or with a relatively short flagellum on the TME (Figs. 3G, 4D, 5B; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3B, N), the relatively smooth chelipeds (Figs. 2A, C, 3A–F, 4A–C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2A–F), the relatively shorter male sternopleonal cavity reaching anteriorly to the level of mid-length of the cheliped coxae (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5C; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 2C, F), the relatively stout G1 with a relatively shorter ultimate article, ca. 0.3–0.4 times the length of the penultimate article and the strongly convex outer margin of the penultimate article at the basal half (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B–E; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3E, F, J, O), and the relatively shorter G2, ca. 0.6–0.7 times the length of the G1, with a very short ultimate article, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 3I, 5F, 6F; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3H, K, P). In addition to the shorter, elongated male telson and the stouter G1 ultimate article of the new genus, <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is differentiated from <i>Arcithelphusa</i> by the relatively narrow male pleon (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A) (vs. male pleon relatively broad; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: figs. 2C, F, 3D), the relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6, the proximal width ca. 1.3 times the medial length (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A) (vs. male pleonal somite 6 relatively broad, the proximal width ca. 1.7–1.8 times the medial length; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: figs. 2C, F, 3D), the relatively small flexible zone of the G1 (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, C) (vs. G1 flexible zone relatively large; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3E, J, O), and the gently curved ultimate article of the G1 (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, D) (vs. G1 ultimate article strongly bent; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2019: fig. 3E, F, J, O). <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is found at a lower elevation (629 m) on an isolated mountain, which is surrounded by the Kali and Gangavali rivers, with deep valleys (Fig. 1). The known congeners of <i>Arcithelphusa</i> have been recorded from the Wayanad mountain plateau at slightly higher elevations (709–864 m) (Fig. 1). The Wayanad plateau is some 350 km away from the Bare where <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> occurs. The Western Ghats between the Wayanad plateau and the Bare has some mountain peaks and deep valleys (Fig. 1), which form “sky islands” acting as barriers between these two genera. The morphological differences and the geographical isolation between them corroborate the recognition of <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is further separated from <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i> and <i>Rajathelphusa</i> by the generally smooth dorsal surface of the carapace (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C) (vs. carapace dorsal surface relatively rugose; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5A; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11a, 13a; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, 7A; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 8A); the relatively shallow cervical grooves (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C) (vs. cervical grooves relatively deep; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5A; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11a, 13a; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, 7A; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 8A); the lack of a flagellum or at most with a shorter flagellum on the TME, which is about half the width of the merus (Figs. 3G, 4D, 5B) (vs. flagellum on the TME relatively long, reaching beyond half the width of the merus; see Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11i, 13i; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3C, 7D; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 9A); the relatively smooth chelipeds (Figs. 2A, C, 3A–F, 4A–C) (vs. chelipeds relatively rugose; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5A–C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11a, c, d, 13a, c, d; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, 4G, 7A, G; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 8A, 9D); the gently concave lateral margins of the male telson (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A) (vs. male telson with strongly concave lateral margins; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11h, 13h; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3D, 7E; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 9C); the relatively stout G1 (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, D) (vs. G1 relatively slender; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 4A, B; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 12a, c, 14a, c; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 9B, F; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 10A); and the relatively stouter penultimate article of the G1, with the outer margin being strongly convex and shelf-like at the basal half (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, D) (vs. G1 penultimate article relatively slenderer, with the outer margin straight to relatively less convex at the basal half; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 4A, B; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 12a, c, 14a, c; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 9B, F; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 10A). The anterolateral margins of the carapace lack distinct serrations (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C), and the G1 ultimate article is relatively shorter, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>; whereas the anterolateral margins have distinct serrations (see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 5A; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 11a, 13a), and the G1 ultimate article is relatively longer, ca. 0.4–0.6 times the length of the penultimate article (see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 4A; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2017: figs. 12a, 14a) in <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i>. The epigastric and postorbital cristae are poorly developed (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C), the external orbital angle is indistinct (Figs. 2A, 3A, C, E, 4A–C), and the G2 is relatively shorter, ca. 0.6 times the length of G1, with the ultimate article very short, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 3I, 5F, 6F) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>; whereas the epigastric and postorbital cristae are well-developed (see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, 4A, B, 7A, B; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 8A, B), the external orbital angle is distinct (see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: figs. 3A, 4A, B, 7A, B; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 8A, B), and the G2 is relatively longer, ca. 1.0 times the length of G1, with the ultimate article long, ca. 0.5 times the length of the penultimate article (see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2021: fig. 9E, I; Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 10D) in <i>Rajathelphusa</i>. <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i> is known to dwell in both lower and higher elevations (3–980 m), but it is restricted to the southern Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1). <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i> is probably not known beyond these two states, and this fact along with the morphological differences between <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i> and <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> support their generic separation. On the other hand, <i>Rajathelphusa</i> occurs at high mountains (750–1623 m altitude) of the Southern Western Ghats and is geographically clearly isolated from <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> of the Central Western Ghats mainly by the Palghat gap (Fig. 1).</p> <p> The superficial resemblance of <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> with <i>Pavizham</i> notwithstanding, the new genus is distinct from the latter genus mainly by the elongated male telson and the stouter G1 ultimate article. Other important differences between them are as follows: the carapace is deeper and strongly arched dorsally, CH /CW = 0.6–0.7 (Figs. 2A, B, 3A, C, E, 4A–C) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. carapace less deep and gently arched dorsally, CH /CW = 0.5 in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 3A, C); the flagellum on the TME is missing or with a shorter flagellum, which reaches about half the width of the merus (Figs. 3G, 4D, 5B) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. flagellum on the TME almost as long as the width of the merus in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 5A); the chelipeds are relatively smooth (Figs. 2A, C, 3A–F, 4A–C) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. chelipeds relatively rugose in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 3A, 4D); the male s2/s3 does not reach the edges of the sternum (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5C) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. male s2/s3 reaching the edges of the sternum in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 3D, 4B, 5B); the male sternopleonal cavity is relatively shorter, reaching anteriorly to the level of mid-length of the cheliped coxae (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5C) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer, reaching anteriorly to the level of the anterior margin of the cheliped coxae in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 3D, 4B); the male pleon is relatively narrow, with the pleonal somite 6 being relatively narrow, the proximal width ca. 1.3 times the medial length (Figs. 2C, 3B, D, F, 5D, 6A) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. male pleon relatively broad, with relatively broad pleonal somite 6, the proximal width ca. 1.7 times the medial length in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: figs. 3D, 4A); the outer margin of the G1 penultimate article is strongly convex and shelf-like at the basal half (Figs. 3H, 5E, 6B, C) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. G1 penultimate article with a less convex outer margin at the basal half in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 5C–E); and the G2 is short, ca. 0.6 times the length of G1, with the ultimate article very short, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 3I, 5F, 6F) in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (vs. G2 long, ca. 1.4 times the length of G1, with the ultimate article long, ca. 0.6 times the length of the penultimate article in <i>Pavizham</i>; see Raj <i>et al.</i> 2022: fig. 5F). <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is also separated from <i>Pavizham</i> geographically as both genera are apart from each other by a distance of about 650 km with several mountain peaks and deep valleys, including the prominent Palghat gap between the Central- and Southern Western Ghats (Fig. 1).</p> <p> Crabs of the following genera are likely to coexist with <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>: <i>Barusa</i> Pati & Yeo, 2022; <i>Barytelphusa</i> Alcock, 1909; <i>Ghatiana</i> Pati & Sharma, 2014; <i>Vanni</i> Bahir & Yeo, 2007; and <i>Vela</i> Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (cf. Pati & Thackeray 2021; Pati & Yeo 2022; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2022a, 2023; unpublished data). <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> need not be confused with those genera because its carapace is relatively deep, with the front relatively narrow (Fig. 2B) (vs. carapace relatively low, with the front relatively wider; see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 32B; Pati & Thackeray 2021: fig. 4C; Pati & Yeo 2022: figs. 1B, 10B; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2022a: fig. 3B; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2023: fig. 2B). In <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>, the epigastric and postorbital cristae are poorly developed (Fig. 2A) (vs. epigastric and postorbital cristae well developed in <i>Barusa</i> and <i>Barytelphusa</i>; see Pati & Yeo 2022: figs. 1A, 10A), the external orbital angle is indistinct (Fig. 2A) (vs. external orbital angle distinct in <i>Barusa</i> and <i>Barytelphusa</i>; see Pati & Yeo 2022: figs. 1A, 10A), the flagellum on the TME is absent or relatively short (Figs. 3G, 4D, 5B) (vs. flagellum on the TME relatively long in <i>Barusa</i> and <i>Barytelphusa</i>; see Pati & Yeo 2022: fig. 1D), the male s3/s4 is distinct (Fig. 5C) (vs. male s3/s4 indiscernible in <i>Barusa</i> and <i>Barytelphusa</i>; see Pati & Yeo 2022: figs. 1F, 10C), and the G1 ultimate article is relatively stout and short, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 6B) (vs. G1 ultimate article relatively slender and long, ca. 0.6–0.8 times the length of the penultimate article in <i>Barusa</i> and <i>Barytelphusa</i>; see Pati & Yeo 2022: figs. 3A, 7I). The G2 is shorter than the G1, with the ultimate article very short, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article in <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> (Fig. 6B, F); whereas the G2 is as long as or longer than the G1, with the ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.3–0.5 times the length of the penultimate article in <i>Vanni</i> and <i>Vela</i> (see Bahir & Yeo 2007: fig. 31C, G; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2023: fig. 4E, I). <i>Aradhya</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is further separated from <i>Ghatiana</i> by the distinct male s2/s3 and s3/s4 (Fig. 5C) (vs. male s2/s3 and s3/s4 indistinct in <i>Ghatiana</i>; see Pati & Thackeray 2021: fig. 5C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2022a: fig. 3C); the relatively short male sternopleonal cavity, which reaches anteriorly to the level of mid-length of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 5C) (vs. male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching anteriorly beyond the level of the bases of the third maxillipeds in <i>Ghatiana</i>; see Pati & Thackeray 2021: fig. 5C; Pati <i>et al.</i> 2022a: fig. 3C); and the relatively stouter ultimate article of the G1 (Fig. 6B) (vs. G1 ultimate article relatively slender in <
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Increased Human Papillomavirus Infection With The Increasing Number Of Pregnancies In Indian Women
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